Emergent functional dynamics of LinkBots

Synthetic active collectives, composed of many nonliving individuals capable of cooperative changes in group shape and dynamics, hold promise for practical use and understanding of natural collectives. However, the design of collective robotic systems that operate effectively without intelligence or complex control at either the individual or group level is challenging.

Here we introduce the LinkBot: a V-shape-based, single-stranded chain composed of active bots whose dynamics are controlled by a few geometric link constraints. We use a combination of experiments and simulations to show the internal constraints within a LinkBot produces collective gaits, which give rise to a rich array of behaviors in different environments, including locomotion, navigation, transportation, and competitive or cooperative interactions, in the absence of any control. This system presents a promising approach for the development of programmable soft robotics by enabling scale- and processing-free collective behaviors with minimal reliance on information and materials.