Effects of Gravitational Waves on a Highly Excited Hydrogen-like Atom

Nontapat Wanwieng; Jie Zhou; Jie Zhou; Jie Zhou

Effects of Gravitational Waves on a Highly Excited Hydrogen-like Atom

POSTER

Abstract

Effects of gravitational waves on a highly excited hydrogen-like atom near ionization threshold are investigated. The plane gravitational waves are described on the basis of Linearized General Relativity. The quantum mechanical description of electron coupled to the field of gravitational waves and electromagnetic is governed by the generalized Dirac equation to curved spacetime. To obtained systematically the physical interpretation of interaction terms in non-relativistic limit, the Exact Foldy-Wouthuysen (EFW) transformation has been performed. Then the calculation of energy correction and deviation of Rabi oscillation are carried out on the perturbation theory approach. The discussion of sensitivity to the gravitational waves generated from the compact astronomical sources are also presented.

Authors

Nontapat Wanwieng

Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chaing Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Jie Zhou

Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Nanyang Tech Univ, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT, School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Institute for Large Area Microelectronics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Institute of Smart Sensors and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, 5th Institute of Physics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Joint Quantum Institute, Physics Department, TU Kaiserslautern, Germany, Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Fritz-Haber Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Waterloo, JILA/University of Colorado-Boulder, Harvard University, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, Queen's University Belfast, UK, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK, Temple University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science / DESY Hamburg, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, The University of Queensland, Australia, The University of British Columbia, University of California, Berkeley, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, MIT, ETH Zurich, MIT Lincoln Lab, Duke University, University of Washington, ColdQuanta, Inc., Tsinghua University, University of Amsterdam, University of Warsaw, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Stanford University, University of Texas at Austin, California Institute of Technology, NIST Boulder, University of Colorado, Boulder, University of Nevada, Reno, Atom Computing, Inc, Atom Computing, Inc., 918 Parker St, Suite A-13, Berkeley, CA 94710, Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Physics Department, Pacific University, School of Basic Science, Institute of Advanced Optics and Photonics, Hanbat National University, INRS, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, CAS, DESY, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Physics,American University of Sharjah,Sharjah,UAE, Department of Physics,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat;Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics,Garching,Germany, Department of Physics,American University of Sharjah, Department of Physics,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat; Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching,Germany, Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen–Nuremberg (FAU), Pulse@SLAC, US, LCLS@SLAC, US, PSI, Switzerland, ANL, US, La Trobe Uni, Australia, Oxford University, Universite Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire Aime Cotton, 91405, Orsay, France, JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA, Purdue University, Univ of Nevada - Las Vegas, University of New Mexico, Department of Physics, Temple University, Joint Quantum Institute and Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, National, Institute of Standards and Technology and University, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Columbia University, National University of Singapore, Seoul National University, Northwestern University, Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Quantum Optics, University of Pittsburgh, University of Strathclyde, Princeton University, University Iceland, ITMO University, University of Groningen, NIST, University of Maryland, JQI, NIST, Rice University, Kenyon College, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Ecole Normale Suprieure / PSL Research University, CNRS, University of Cambridge, Honeywell Quantum Solutions, Univ of Oregon, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge MA 02138, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Galileo Galilei”, Università di Padova, Italy, Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA, Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA, University of California, Los Angeles, Weizmann Institute of Science, Amherst College, University of Maryland, University of British Columbia, University of Nevada, University of Georgia, Penn State University, Kanazawa University, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, University of South Alabama, Colby College, University of Chicago, Indiana University, University College London, Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, Gonzaga University, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, University of Alberta, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Department of physics, University of Rochester, RIKEN CEMS, University of Oxford, Yale University, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Menlo Systems GmbH, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, United States Army Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Goethe Universit\"at Frankfurt am Main, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, SLAC, Argonne Natl Lab, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire CARNOT de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS-Universit\'e de Bourgogne Franche-Comt\'e, Dijon, France, Soreq Nuclear Research Centre, Yavne, Israel, EPFL Lausanne, Elettra-Sincrotrone, Freiburg University, University of Connecticut, Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Auburn University, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA, Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, SD 57197 USA, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Kansas State University, Goethe University Frankfurt, University of Frankfurt, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and University of Maryland, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Newcastle University, Georgia Southern University, University of Catania, Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, JILA/CU/NIST, JILA/CU, NIST Boulder/CU Boulder, NIST Boulder/Argonne National Laboratory, Center for Advanced Studies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg State University, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute of NRC "Kurchatov Institute", University of Delaware, University of California, Santa Barbara, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the University of Colorado, Department of Physics, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA, IREAP, University of Maryland College Park, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Maryland, Georgia Inst of Tech, Umass, Boston, Tel Aviv Univ, Rice Univ, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE, EU, University of Arizona, University of Central Florida, Dept. of Physics and CREOL, University of Central Florida, Dept. of Physics, Stockholm University, U of Maryland, Physics and JQI, UC Berkeley, UCSB, Physics and Microsoft, St. Q, UCSB, Physics and MIT, Physics, UC Berkeley, Physics, Middlebury College, Physics, RIce University, Physics, Indiana Univ - Bloomington, Joint Quantum Institute and Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland and NIST, IQC and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, IQC and MIT, Cambridge, MA, Simon Fraser University, University of Stuttgart, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and the University of Maryland, Creighton University, MPQ, MPQ; Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (MPQ), Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Scienceand Technology, CAS, University of Windsor, University of New Brunswick, National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, University of Colorado Boulder, Kyoto University, Stanford University (PULSE Institute), University of Michigan, Max Planck POSTECH (Korea), Ohio State University, Pusan National University, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, ELI-Beamlines, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Szeged, Universite de Moncton, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Center for Quantum Information and Control, University of New Mexico, College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Univ of Pittsburgh, JILA, NIST and Dept. of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Institut f\"{u}r Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universit\"{a}t Hannover, Institut for Fysik og Astronomi, Aarhus Universitet, University of Colorado Boulder, JILA, NIST and Dept. of Physics, University of Colorado, JILA, NIST, CTQM and Dept. of Physics, University of Colorado, JILA, NIST, Center for Theory of Quantum Matter and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, JILA, NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and Instituto de F\'isica, Facultad de Ingenier\'ia, UDELAR, Swinburne Univ of Tech, University of Innsbruck and IQOQI, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, FLEET ARC Centre of Excellence, Centre for Quantum and Optical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Australia, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Aarhus C, Denmark, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland, University of Hamburg, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, LKB-ENS Paris, University of Hamburg, LKB-ENS Paris, Colorado State University, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Max-Planck Instititute of Quantum Optics, Aarhus University, Ecole Centrale Paris, Rollins College, Curtin University, Charles University, Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Canada, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, University of Bordeaux, University of Belgrade, University of Colorado, Colorado School of Mines, University of Maryland, College Park, Boston University, The Technical University of Munich, MIT Lincoln Labs, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, Department of Physics, Boston University, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Sandia National Labs, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Durham University, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA, Dept. of Physics, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA, Beihang University, BeiHang University, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Beihang University, Jet Propulsion Lab, California Institute of Technology, Bucknell University, Department of Physics \& Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Okayama University, University of Massachusetts Amherst, UMass Amherst, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, JILA & University of Colorado, Boulder, School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics and Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Chinese Univ of Hong Kong, 5. Physikalisches Institut and Center for Integrated Science and Technology IQST, University of Stuttgart, US Military Academy, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics 60 Garden St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA, Research Center OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany, Center for Optical Quantum Technologies, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22671 Hamburg, Germany, University of Oregon, Aalto University, Univ of Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University-Stillwater, Yale University, Yale Quantum Institute, University of Toronto, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC-Sorbonne Universite, College de France, Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland, Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, Univ of Virginia, Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, St. Olaf College, St Norbert College, Heidelberg University, Caltech, JPL, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, Illinois, Joint Quantum Institute and IREAP, University of Maryland, Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, PULSE Institute, Stanford University, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, USC, DTU, Sorbonne, CFEL/DESY, NTU, Uppsala University, Kansas State Univ, Johns Hopkins University, Dept. of Physics and CREOL, University of Central FLorida, Inst. of Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Dept. of Physics, Kennesaw University, Dept. of Physics, University of Central FLorida, MPI, CCQ, Politecnico di Milano, Queen's University, CNR-IFN, CNR-ISM, MPI, Universita di Roma Tor Vergata, Universit\'e Montpellier, Universit\'e du Havre, ATOMKI, Lehigh University, JILA, NIST and the University of Colorado, Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, Durham Univ, University of Western Michigan, Space Sciences Institute, Ohio State Univ - Columbus, Argonne National Laboratory, Clemson University, US Air Force Academy, Purdue Univ, University of Notre Dame, Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and National Institute of Standards and Technology, College Park, MD 20742, Oklahoma State University, UNSW, C. N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics, Stony Brook University, New York 11794-384, USA, Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA, Berkeley Center for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA, Univ of Delaware, Haverford College, Univ of Arizona, University of Calgary, TRIUMF, TRIUMF / University of British Columbia, York University, British Columbia Institute of Technology / TRIUMF, Paul Scherrer Institute, Center for Fundamental Physics Northwestern University, Center for Fundamental Physics, Northwestern University, Digital Optics Technologies, Sandia National Laboratories, University of Oklahoma, ZARM, University Bremen, Marmara University, Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany, Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, USA, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg, Germany, QEERI, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar, The Ohio State University, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, JILA and University of Colorado, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Zentrum fuer Optische Quantentechnologien, Universitaet Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany, Department of Physics, The United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, USA, Univ of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Temple University, Physics Department, Philadelphia, PA 19122, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD 20899, Technische Universität Dortmund, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Miami University, JILA, University of Colorado Boulder, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, JILA, Harvard University, Yale University, Budapest Univ. of Tech, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland Department of Physics and IonQ, Inc., Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland Department of Physics, Joint Quantum Institute, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chemistry, and Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Center for Quantum Materials, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria, LLNL, NIST, CU Boulder, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, National Fusion Research Institute, Chemical Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India., Los Alamos Natl Lab, Stanford Univ, Arizona State University, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, University of Birmingham, Stockholm University, Swansea University, University of California Berkeley, National Institute of Technology, Japan, Aichi University of Education, Japan, UCLA, Daido University, Japan, Miyagi University of Education, Japan, SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chaing Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, Faculty of Science, Chaing Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (NARIT), Chiang Mai, Thailand, Michigan State University, Williams College, None, AFRL; SUNY Polytechnic Institute, MIT, Lincoln Labs, MIT, Department of Physics, JILA, NIST, U. Colorado, NIST - Boulder, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Shangxi University, State Polytechnic University, St.-Petersburg, Russia, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, University of Virginia, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park and NIST, Univ of Toronto, UMass, Boston, Tel Aviv University, Israel, Rice University, Houston, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, USA, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, School of Physics and Astronomy in Monash University, Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, McGill Univ, Microsoft, University of Kaiserslautern, JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, University of Wisconsin - Madison, University of Michigan, Dept. of Physics, Duke University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison; ColdQuanta, ColdQuanta, Havard University, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology; University of Colorado, Boulder; University of Oregon, National Institute of Standards and Technology; University of Colorado, Boulder, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado Boulder, JILA, CTQM, NIST, University of Colorado Boulder, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, ECNU, Shanghai, China, School of Physics and Astronomy and the Photon Science Institute, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM), Physique de la Matière Condensée, University of California San Diego, Army Research Laboratory, Twinleaf LLC, NIST Boulder/Argonne National Lab, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, University of Houston, Lomonosov Moscow State University, National Institute of Standards, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Hamburg, Germany, Univ of Cambridge, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California, Osaka Univ, Department of Physics and Materials Science, Chiang Mai University and Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics, Commission on Higher Education, Temple Univ, U.S. Army Research Lab, Univ Hannover, Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (IQSE) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4242, US, United States Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, USA, The National Center for Laser and Optoelectronics Technologies, KACST, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia, Magnetic Shields Limited, Stanford PULSE Inst and Stanford Univ, SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab, Brown Univ, Univ of Nebraska Lincoln, Univ of Edinburgh, Stanford PULSE Inst and Univ Potsdam, Stanford PULSE Inst, Univof Nebraska Lincoln, Univ of York and Univ of Nebraska Lincoln, Stanford PULSE Inst and SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab, Brown University, University of Edinburgh, CRN-IFR, PULSE Institute at Stanford and SLAC, LINAC Coherent Light Source, JQI, UMD, NYU, UMD, APL, National Tsing Hua University, National Cheng Kung University, Freie Universit\"at Berlin and National Cheng Kung University, University of Queensland, Griffith University, Institute of Quantum Technologies, German Aerospace Center (DLR); Ulm University, Leibniz University Hanover, Ulm University, Eindhoven University of Technology, Center for Optical Quantum Technologies, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 129, 22671 Hamburg, Germany, Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics, Munich, Germany, Hannover University, Germany, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics
Jie Zhou

Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Nanyang Tech Univ, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT, School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Institute for Large Area Microelectronics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Institute of Smart Sensors and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, 5th Institute of Physics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Joint Quantum Institute, Physics Department, TU Kaiserslautern, Germany, Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Fritz-Haber Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Waterloo, JILA/University of Colorado-Boulder, Harvard University, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, Queen's University Belfast, UK, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK, Temple University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science / DESY Hamburg, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, The University of Queensland, Australia, The University of British Columbia, University of California, Berkeley, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, MIT, ETH Zurich, MIT Lincoln Lab, Duke University, University of Washington, ColdQuanta, Inc., Tsinghua University, University of Amsterdam, University of Warsaw, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Stanford University, University of Texas at Austin, California Institute of Technology, NIST Boulder, University of Colorado, Boulder, University of Nevada, Reno, Atom Computing, Inc, Atom Computing, Inc., 918 Parker St, Suite A-13, Berkeley, CA 94710, Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Physics Department, Pacific University, School of Basic Science, Institute of Advanced Optics and Photonics, Hanbat National University, INRS, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, CAS, DESY, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Physics,American University of Sharjah,Sharjah,UAE, Department of Physics,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat;Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics,Garching,Germany, Department of Physics,American University of Sharjah, Department of Physics,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat; Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching,Germany, Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen–Nuremberg (FAU), Pulse@SLAC, US, LCLS@SLAC, US, PSI, Switzerland, ANL, US, La Trobe Uni, Australia, Oxford University, Universite Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire Aime Cotton, 91405, Orsay, France, JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA, Purdue University, Univ of Nevada - Las Vegas, University of New Mexico, Department of Physics, Temple University, Joint Quantum Institute and Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, National, Institute of Standards and Technology and University, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Columbia University, National University of Singapore, Seoul National University, Northwestern University, Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Quantum Optics, University of Pittsburgh, University of Strathclyde, Princeton University, University Iceland, ITMO University, University of Groningen, NIST, University of Maryland, JQI, NIST, Rice University, Kenyon College, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Ecole Normale Suprieure / PSL Research University, CNRS, University of Cambridge, Honeywell Quantum Solutions, Univ of Oregon, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge MA 02138, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Galileo Galilei”, Università di Padova, Italy, Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA, Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA, University of California, Los Angeles, Weizmann Institute of Science, Amherst College, University of Maryland, University of British Columbia, University of Nevada, University of Georgia, Penn State University, Kanazawa University, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, University of South Alabama, Colby College, University of Chicago, Indiana University, University College London, Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, Gonzaga University, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, University of Alberta, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Department of physics, University of Rochester, RIKEN CEMS, University of Oxford, Yale University, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Menlo Systems GmbH, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, United States Army Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Goethe Universit\"at Frankfurt am Main, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, SLAC, Argonne Natl Lab, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire CARNOT de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS-Universit\'e de Bourgogne Franche-Comt\'e, Dijon, France, Soreq Nuclear Research Centre, Yavne, Israel, EPFL Lausanne, Elettra-Sincrotrone, Freiburg University, University of Connecticut, Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Auburn University, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA, Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, SD 57197 USA, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Kansas State University, Goethe University Frankfurt, University of Frankfurt, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and University of Maryland, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Newcastle University, Georgia Southern University, University of Catania, Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, JILA/CU/NIST, JILA/CU, NIST Boulder/CU Boulder, NIST Boulder/Argonne National Laboratory, Center for Advanced Studies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg State University, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute of NRC "Kurchatov Institute", University of Delaware, University of California, Santa Barbara, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the University of Colorado, Department of Physics, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA, IREAP, University of Maryland College Park, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Maryland, Georgia Inst of Tech, Umass, Boston, Tel Aviv Univ, Rice Univ, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE, EU, University of Arizona, University of Central Florida, Dept. of Physics and CREOL, University of Central Florida, Dept. of Physics, Stockholm University, U of Maryland, Physics and JQI, UC Berkeley, UCSB, Physics and Microsoft, St. Q, UCSB, Physics and MIT, Physics, UC Berkeley, Physics, Middlebury College, Physics, RIce University, Physics, Indiana Univ - Bloomington, Joint Quantum Institute and Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland and NIST, IQC and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, IQC and MIT, Cambridge, MA, Simon Fraser University, University of Stuttgart, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and the University of Maryland, Creighton University, MPQ, MPQ; Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (MPQ), Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Scienceand Technology, CAS, University of Windsor, University of New Brunswick, National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, University of Colorado Boulder, Kyoto University, Stanford University (PULSE Institute), University of Michigan, Max Planck POSTECH (Korea), Ohio State University, Pusan National University, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, ELI-Beamlines, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Szeged, Universite de Moncton, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Center for Quantum Information and Control, University of New Mexico, College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Univ of Pittsburgh, JILA, NIST and Dept. of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Institut f\"{u}r Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universit\"{a}t Hannover, Institut for Fysik og Astronomi, Aarhus Universitet, University of Colorado Boulder, JILA, NIST and Dept. of Physics, University of Colorado, JILA, NIST, CTQM and Dept. of Physics, University of Colorado, JILA, NIST, Center for Theory of Quantum Matter and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, JILA, NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and Instituto de F\'isica, Facultad de Ingenier\'ia, UDELAR, Swinburne Univ of Tech, University of Innsbruck and IQOQI, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, FLEET ARC Centre of Excellence, Centre for Quantum and Optical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Australia, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Aarhus C, Denmark, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland, University of Hamburg, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, LKB-ENS Paris, University of Hamburg, LKB-ENS Paris, Colorado State University, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Max-Planck Instititute of Quantum Optics, Aarhus University, Ecole Centrale Paris, Rollins College, Curtin University, Charles University, Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Canada, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, University of Bordeaux, University of Belgrade, University of Colorado, Colorado School of Mines, University of Maryland, College Park, Boston University, The Technical University of Munich, MIT Lincoln Labs, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, Department of Physics, Boston University, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Sandia National Labs, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Durham University, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA, Dept. of Physics, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA, Beihang University, BeiHang University, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Beihang University, Jet Propulsion Lab, California Institute of Technology, Bucknell University, Department of Physics \& Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Okayama University, University of Massachusetts Amherst, UMass Amherst, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, JILA & University of Colorado, Boulder, School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics and Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Chinese Univ of Hong Kong, 5. Physikalisches Institut and Center for Integrated Science and Technology IQST, University of Stuttgart, US Military Academy, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics 60 Garden St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA, Research Center OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany, Center for Optical Quantum Technologies, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22671 Hamburg, Germany, University of Oregon, Aalto University, Univ of Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University-Stillwater, Yale University, Yale Quantum Institute, University of Toronto, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC-Sorbonne Universite, College de France, Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland, Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, Univ of Virginia, Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, St. Olaf College, St Norbert College, Heidelberg University, Caltech, JPL, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, Illinois, Joint Quantum Institute and IREAP, University of Maryland, Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, PULSE Institute, Stanford University, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, USC, DTU, Sorbonne, CFEL/DESY, NTU, Uppsala University, Kansas State Univ, Johns Hopkins University, Dept. of Physics and CREOL, University of Central FLorida, Inst. of Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Dept. of Physics, Kennesaw University, Dept. of Physics, University of Central FLorida, MPI, CCQ, Politecnico di Milano, Queen's University, CNR-IFN, CNR-ISM, MPI, Universita di Roma Tor Vergata, Universit\'e Montpellier, Universit\'e du Havre, ATOMKI, Lehigh University, JILA, NIST and the University of Colorado, Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, Durham Univ, University of Western Michigan, Space Sciences Institute, Ohio State Univ - Columbus, Argonne National Laboratory, Clemson University, US Air Force Academy, Purdue Univ, University of Notre Dame, Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and National Institute of Standards and Technology, College Park, MD 20742, Oklahoma State University, UNSW, C. N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics, Stony Brook University, New York 11794-384, USA, Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA, Berkeley Center for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA, Univ of Delaware, Haverford College, Univ of Arizona, University of Calgary, TRIUMF, TRIUMF / University of British Columbia, York University, British Columbia Institute of Technology / TRIUMF, Paul Scherrer Institute, Center for Fundamental Physics Northwestern University, Center for Fundamental Physics, Northwestern University, Digital Optics Technologies, Sandia National Laboratories, University of Oklahoma, ZARM, University Bremen, Marmara University, Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany, Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, USA, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg, Germany, QEERI, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar, The Ohio State University, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, JILA and University of Colorado, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Zentrum fuer Optische Quantentechnologien, Universitaet Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany, Department of Physics, The United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, USA, Univ of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Temple University, Physics Department, Philadelphia, PA 19122, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD 20899, Technische Universität Dortmund, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Miami University, JILA, University of Colorado Boulder, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, JILA, Harvard University, Yale University, Budapest Univ. of Tech, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland Department of Physics and IonQ, Inc., Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland Department of Physics, Joint Quantum Institute, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chemistry, and Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Center for Quantum Materials, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria, LLNL, NIST, CU Boulder, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, National Fusion Research Institute, Chemical Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India., Los Alamos Natl Lab, Stanford Univ, Arizona State University, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, University of Birmingham, Stockholm University, Swansea University, University of California Berkeley, National Institute of Technology, Japan, Aichi University of Education, Japan, UCLA, Daido University, Japan, Miyagi University of Education, Japan, SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chaing Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, Faculty of Science, Chaing Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (NARIT), Chiang Mai, Thailand, Michigan State University, Williams College, None, AFRL; SUNY Polytechnic Institute, MIT, Lincoln Labs, MIT, Department of Physics, JILA, NIST, U. Colorado, NIST - Boulder, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Shangxi University, State Polytechnic University, St.-Petersburg, Russia, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, University of Virginia, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park and NIST, Univ of Toronto, UMass, Boston, Tel Aviv University, Israel, Rice University, Houston, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, USA, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, School of Physics and Astronomy in Monash University, Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, McGill Univ, Microsoft, University of Kaiserslautern, JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, University of Wisconsin - Madison, University of Michigan, Dept. of Physics, Duke University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison; ColdQuanta, ColdQuanta, Havard University, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology; University of Colorado, Boulder; University of Oregon, National Institute of Standards and Technology; University of Colorado, Boulder, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado Boulder, JILA, CTQM, NIST, University of Colorado Boulder, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, ECNU, Shanghai, China, School of Physics and Astronomy and the Photon Science Institute, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM), Physique de la Matière Condensée, University of California San Diego, Army Research Laboratory, Twinleaf LLC, NIST Boulder/Argonne National Lab, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, University of Houston, Lomonosov Moscow State University, National Institute of Standards, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Hamburg, Germany, Univ of Cambridge, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California, Osaka Univ, Department of Physics and Materials Science, Chiang Mai University and Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics, Commission on Higher Education, Temple Univ, U.S. Army Research Lab, Univ Hannover, Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (IQSE) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4242, US, United States Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, USA, The National Center for Laser and Optoelectronics Technologies, KACST, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia, Magnetic Shields Limited, Stanford PULSE Inst and Stanford Univ, SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab, Brown Univ, Univ of Nebraska Lincoln, Univ of Edinburgh, Stanford PULSE Inst and Univ Potsdam, Stanford PULSE Inst, Univof Nebraska Lincoln, Univ of York and Univ of Nebraska Lincoln, Stanford PULSE Inst and SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab, Brown University, University of Edinburgh, CRN-IFR, PULSE Institute at Stanford and SLAC, LINAC Coherent Light Source, JQI, UMD, NYU, UMD, APL, National Tsing Hua University, National Cheng Kung University, Freie Universit\"at Berlin and National Cheng Kung University, University of Queensland, Griffith University, Institute of Quantum Technologies, German Aerospace Center (DLR); Ulm University, Leibniz University Hanover, Ulm University, Eindhoven University of Technology, Center for Optical Quantum Technologies, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 129, 22671 Hamburg, Germany, Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics, Munich, Germany, Hannover University, Germany, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics
Jie Zhou

Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Nanyang Tech Univ, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT, School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Institute for Large Area Microelectronics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Institute of Smart Sensors and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, 5th Institute of Physics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Joint Quantum Institute, Physics Department, TU Kaiserslautern, Germany, Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Fritz-Haber Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Waterloo, JILA/University of Colorado-Boulder, Harvard University, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, Queen's University Belfast, UK, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK, Temple University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science / DESY Hamburg, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, The University of Queensland, Australia, The University of British Columbia, University of California, Berkeley, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, MIT, ETH Zurich, MIT Lincoln Lab, Duke University, University of Washington, ColdQuanta, Inc., Tsinghua University, University of Amsterdam, University of Warsaw, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Stanford University, University of Texas at Austin, California Institute of Technology, NIST Boulder, University of Colorado, Boulder, University of Nevada, Reno, Atom Computing, Inc, Atom Computing, Inc., 918 Parker St, Suite A-13, Berkeley, CA 94710, Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Physics Department, Pacific University, School of Basic Science, Institute of Advanced Optics and Photonics, Hanbat National University, INRS, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, CAS, DESY, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Physics,American University of Sharjah,Sharjah,UAE, Department of Physics,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat;Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics,Garching,Germany, Department of Physics,American University of Sharjah, Department of Physics,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat; Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching,Germany, Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen–Nuremberg (FAU), Pulse@SLAC, US, LCLS@SLAC, US, PSI, Switzerland, ANL, US, La Trobe Uni, Australia, Oxford University, Universite Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire Aime Cotton, 91405, Orsay, France, JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA, Purdue University, Univ of Nevada - Las Vegas, University of New Mexico, Department of Physics, Temple University, Joint Quantum Institute and Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, National, Institute of Standards and Technology and University, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Columbia University, National University of Singapore, Seoul National University, Northwestern University, Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Quantum Optics, University of Pittsburgh, University of Strathclyde, Princeton University, University Iceland, ITMO University, University of Groningen, NIST, University of Maryland, JQI, NIST, Rice University, Kenyon College, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Ecole Normale Suprieure / PSL Research University, CNRS, University of Cambridge, Honeywell Quantum Solutions, Univ of Oregon, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge MA 02138, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Galileo Galilei”, Università di Padova, Italy, Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA, Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA, University of California, Los Angeles, Weizmann Institute of Science, Amherst College, University of Maryland, University of British Columbia, University of Nevada, University of Georgia, Penn State University, Kanazawa University, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, University of South Alabama, Colby College, University of Chicago, Indiana University, University College London, Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, Gonzaga University, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, University of Alberta, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Department of physics, University of Rochester, RIKEN CEMS, University of Oxford, Yale University, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Menlo Systems GmbH, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, United States Army Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Goethe Universit\"at Frankfurt am Main, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, SLAC, Argonne Natl Lab, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire CARNOT de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS-Universit\'e de Bourgogne Franche-Comt\'e, Dijon, France, Soreq Nuclear Research Centre, Yavne, Israel, EPFL Lausanne, Elettra-Sincrotrone, Freiburg University, University of Connecticut, Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Auburn University, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA, Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, SD 57197 USA, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Kansas State University, Goethe University Frankfurt, University of Frankfurt, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and University of Maryland, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Newcastle University, Georgia Southern University, University of Catania, Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, JILA/CU/NIST, JILA/CU, NIST Boulder/CU Boulder, NIST Boulder/Argonne National Laboratory, Center for Advanced Studies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg State University, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute of NRC "Kurchatov Institute", University of Delaware, University of California, Santa Barbara, JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the University of Colorado, Department of Physics, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA, IREAP, University of Maryland College Park, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Maryland, Georgia Inst of Tech, Umass, Boston, Tel Aviv Univ, Rice Univ, JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE, EU, University of Arizona, University of Central Florida, Dept. of Physics and CREOL, University of Central Florida, Dept. of Physics, Stockholm University, U of Maryland, Physics and JQI, UC Berkeley, UCSB, Physics and Microsoft, St. Q, UCSB, Physics and MIT, Physics, UC Berkeley, Physics, Middlebury College, Physics, RIce University, Physics, Indiana Univ - Bloomington, Joint Quantum Institute and Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland and NIST, IQC and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, IQC and MIT, Cambridge, MA, Simon Fraser University, University of Stuttgart, Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and the University of Maryland, Creighton University, MPQ, MPQ; Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (MPQ), Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Scienceand Technology, CAS, University of Windsor, University of New Brunswick, National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, University of Colorado Boulder, Kyoto University, Stanford University (PULSE Institute), University of Michigan, Max Planck POSTECH (Korea), Ohio State University, Pusan National University, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, ELI-Beamlines, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of Szeged, Universite de Moncton, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Center for Quantum Information and Control, University of New Mexico, College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Univ of Pittsburgh, JILA, NIST and Dept. of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Institut f\"{u}r Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universit\"{a}t Hannover, Institut for Fysik og Astronomi, Aarhus Universitet, University of Colorado Boulder, JILA, NIST and Dept. of Physics, University of Colorado, JILA, NIST, CTQM and Dept. of Physics, University of Colorado, JILA, NIST, Center for Theory of Quantum Matter and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, JILA, NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and Instituto de F\'isica, Facultad de Ingenier\'ia, UDELAR, Swinburne Univ of Tech, University of Innsbruck and IQOQI, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, FLEET ARC Centre of Excellence, Centre for Quantum and Optical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Australia, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Aarhus C, Denmark, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland, University of Hamburg, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, LKB-ENS Paris, University of Hamburg, LKB-ENS Paris, Colorado State University, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Max-Planck Instititute of Quantum Optics, Aarhus University, Ecole Centrale Paris, Rollins College, Curtin University, Charles University, Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Canada, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, University of Bordeaux, University of Belgrade, University of Colorado, Colorado School of Mines, University of Maryland, College Park, Boston University, The Technical University of Munich, MIT Lincoln Labs, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, Department of Physics, Boston University, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Sandia National Labs, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Durham University, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA, Dept. of Physics, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA, Beihang University, BeiHang University, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Beihang University, Jet Propulsion Lab, California Institute of Technology, Bucknell University, Department of Physics \& Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Okayama University, University of Massachusetts Amherst, UMass Amherst, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, JILA & University of Colorado, Boulder, School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics and Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Chinese Univ of Hong Kong, 5. Physikalisches Institut and Center for Integrated Science and Technology IQST, University of Stuttgart, US Military Academy, ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics 60 Garden St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA, Research Center OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany, Center for Optical Quantum Technologies, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22671 Hamburg, Germany, University of Oregon, Aalto University, Univ of Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University-Stillwater, Yale University, Yale Quantum Institute, University of Toronto, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC-Sorbonne Universite, College de France, Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland, Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, Univ of Virginia, Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, St. Olaf College, St Norbert College, Heidelberg University, Caltech, JPL, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, Illinois, Joint Quantum Institute and IREAP, University of Maryland, Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, PULSE Institute, Stanford University, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, USC, DTU, Sorbonne, CFEL/DESY, NTU, Uppsala University, Kansas State Univ, Johns Hopkins University, Dept. of Physics and CREOL, University of Central FLorida, Inst. of Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Dept. of Physics, Kennesaw University, Dept. of Physics, University of Central FLorida, MPI, CCQ, Politecnico di Milano, Queen's University, CNR-IFN, CNR-ISM, MPI, Universita di Roma Tor Vergata, Universit\'e Montpellier, Universit\'e du Havre, ATOMKI, Lehigh University, JILA, NIST and the University of Colorado, Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, Durham Univ, University of Western Michigan, Space Sciences Institute, Ohio State Univ - Columbus, Argonne National Laboratory, Clemson University, US Air Force Academy, Purdue Univ, University of Notre Dame, Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and National Institute of Standards and Technology, College Park, MD 20742, Oklahoma State University, UNSW, C. N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics, Stony Brook University, New York 11794-384, USA, Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA, Berkeley Center for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA, Univ of Delaware, Haverford College, Univ of Arizona, University of Calgary, TRIUMF, TRIUMF / University of British Columbia, York University, British Columbia Institute of Technology / TRIUMF, Paul Scherrer Institute, Center for Fundamental Physics Northwestern University, Center for Fundamental Physics, Northwestern University, Digital Optics Technologies, Sandia National Laboratories, University of Oklahoma, ZARM, University Bremen, Marmara University, Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany, Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, USA, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg, Germany, QEERI, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar, The Ohio State University, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, JILA and University of Colorado, J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA, Zentrum fuer Optische Quantentechnologien, Universitaet Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany, Department of Physics, The United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, USA, Univ of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Temple University, Physics Department, Philadelphia, PA 19122, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD 20899, Technische Universität Dortmund, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Miami University, JILA, University of Colorado Boulder, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, JILA, Harvard University, Yale University, Budapest Univ. of Tech, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland Department of Physics and IonQ, Inc., Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland Department of Physics, Joint Quantum Institute, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chemistry, and Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Rice Center for Quantum Materials, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria, LLNL, NIST, CU Boulder, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, National Fusion Research Institute, Chemical Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India., Los Alamos Natl Lab, Stanford Univ, Arizona State University, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, University of Birmingham, Stockholm University, Swansea University, University of California Berkeley, National Institute of Technology, Japan, Aichi University of Education, Japan, UCLA, Daido University, Japan, Miyagi University of Education, Japan, SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chaing Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, Faculty of Science, Chaing Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (NARIT), Chiang Mai, Thailand, Michigan State University, Williams College, None, AFRL; SUNY Polytechnic Institute, MIT, Lincoln Labs, MIT, Department of Physics, JILA, NIST, U. Colorado, NIST - Boulder, Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Shangxi University, State Polytechnic University, St.-Petersburg, Russia, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, University of Virginia, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park and NIST, Univ of Toronto, UMass, Boston, Tel Aviv University, Israel, Rice University, Houston, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, USA, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, School of Physics and Astronomy in Monash University, Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, McGill Univ, Microsoft, University of Kaiserslautern, JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, University of Wisconsin - Madison, University of Michigan, Dept. of Physics, Duke University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison; ColdQuanta, ColdQuanta, Havard University, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology; University of Colorado, Boulder; University of Oregon, National Institute of Standards and Technology; University of Colorado, Boulder, JILA, NIST, University of Colorado Boulder, JILA, CTQM, NIST, University of Colorado Boulder, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, ECNU, Shanghai, China, School of Physics and Astronomy and the Photon Science Institute, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM), Physique de la Matière Condensée, University of California San Diego, Army Research Laboratory, Twinleaf LLC, NIST Boulder/Argonne National Lab, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, University of Houston, Lomonosov Moscow State University, National Institute of Standards, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Hamburg, Germany, Univ of Cambridge, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California, Osaka Univ, Department of Physics and Materials Science, Chiang Mai University and Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics, Commission on Higher Education, Temple Univ, U.S. Army Research Lab, Univ Hannover, Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (IQSE) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4242, US, United States Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, USA, The National Center for Laser and Optoelectronics Technologies, KACST, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia, Magnetic Shields Limited, Stanford PULSE Inst and Stanford Univ, SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab, Brown Univ, Univ of Nebraska Lincoln, Univ of Edinburgh, Stanford PULSE Inst and Univ Potsdam, Stanford PULSE Inst, Univof Nebraska Lincoln, Univ of York and Univ of Nebraska Lincoln, Stanford PULSE Inst and SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab, Brown University, University of Edinburgh, CRN-IFR, PULSE Institute at Stanford and SLAC, LINAC Coherent Light Source, JQI, UMD, NYU, UMD, APL, National Tsing Hua University, National Cheng Kung University, Freie Universit\"at Berlin and National Cheng Kung University, University of Queensland, Griffith University, Institute of Quantum Technologies, German Aerospace Center (DLR); Ulm University, Leibniz University Hanover, Ulm University, Eindhoven University of Technology, Center for Optical Quantum Technologies, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 129, 22671 Hamburg, Germany, Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics, Munich, Germany, Hannover University, Germany, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics