Using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence to determine the chemical makeup of glasses from the Royal City of Istakhr, Shiraz, in the fifth century AD, the Sassanid fingerprint was found in the glass

Istakhr was an ancient city in Persia situated in the vicinity of the modern city of Persepolis in the province of Fars in Iran. In various historical periods, it served as a significant political and religious center in Persian history. Istakhr was situated in close proximity to Persepolis, the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire, and played a pivotal role within the region. The city became a significant center for Zoroastrianism and a focal point for administrative and cultural activities during the Sassanid period. The city was home to a significant fire temple and was closely associated with the Sassanid rulers. During the Islamic period, in the 7th century, Istakhr resisted the Arab forces but was eventually conquered. Its importance declined as other cities, such as Shiraz, grew in significance. By the Middle Ages, Istakhr had become a ruin, leaving behind remnants of its rich history. Among the archaeological finds from the Late Bronze Age, the glassware, both as objects and individual pieces, is particularly noteworthy. They are notable for their provenance, their function, and their social significance. Glassware was produced in the early Islamic period in both the Middle East and Egypt as a status symbol. The root and organization of the production process for working with raw materials were delegated to the first-class workshops, which transformed them into colored objects. Over the past two decades, logical reasoning based on a combination of chemical analysis and evaluation of the following components of glass from previously exhumated production remnants has enabled us to achieve impressive results