Energy additivity as a requirement for universal quantum thermodynamical frameworks

The quest to develop a general framework for thermodynamics in the regime of strong coupling and correlations between subsystems of an autonomous quantum "universe" has entailed diverging definitions for basic quantities, including internal energy. While most approaches focus solely on the system of interest, we propose that a universal notion of internal energy should also account for the environment in order to keep consistency with the closed-system energy of the universe. As an illustration, we present a particular two-qubit universe model, obtaining the exact master equations for both parties and calculating their effective Hamiltonians and internal energies as given by the recently devised minimal dissipation approach. We show that internal energies are not additive, which leads to unphysical features. Finally, we introduce an abstract framework to describe all effective Hamiltonian-based approaches and address a rigorous definition of energy additivity in this context, in both a weak and a strong forms, discussing the underlying subtleties.