Fluctuation-Induced Forces in Current-Carrying Graphene

Graphene is a two-dimensional material with remarkable electronic properties, exhibiting unique behaviors under non-equilibrium conditions. Of particular interest are phenomena, such as the ubiquitous Casimir interaction, when graphene carries a drift current. The fluctuating electromagnetic fields exchanged between a small particle and a current carrying graphene can change significantly the Casimir-Polder interaction. Based on Rytov's and Lifshitz theory, we explore the drift electric current modifications to the electromagnetic fluctuation-induced force of an atom and a graphene sheet. Within this theoretical framework, we investigate the dependence of the lateral and vertical components of fluctuation-induced forces on the drift velocity and distance and provide useful limiting expressions.