Characterizing protein-surface and protein-nanoparticle conjugates: Activity, binding, and structure

Many sensors and catalysts composed of proteins immobilized on inorganic materials have been reported over the past few decades. Despite some examples of functional protein–surface and protein–nanoparticle conjugates, thorough characterization of the biological–abiological interface at the heart of these materials and devices is often overlooked. We will discuss current methods used to characterize these critical properties of devices that operate by integrating a protein into both flat surfaces and nanoparticle materials by focusing on acetylcholinesterase on both planar and nanoparticle gold. We highlight examples of how an informed understanding of the bio-bio interface leads directly to the advancement of protein-based materials and technology.