The Frustration of Being Odd

We consider the effects of so-called Frustrated Boundary Conditions (FBC) on quantum spin chains, namely periodic BC with an odd number of sites. In absence of external fields, FBC allow for the direct determination of correlation functions that signal a spontaneous symmetry breaking, such as the spontaneous magnetization. When paired with anti-ferromagnetic interactions, FBC introduce geometrical frustration into the system and the ground state develops properties which differ from those present with other boundary conditions, such as the disappearance of the usual order, possibly replaced by different ones. We argue that FBC introduce a fractionalized excitation that contributes to long-range order in the system, similar to that enjoyed by SPT phases. Our results prove that even the weakest form of geometrical frustration can deeply affect a system's properties and pave a way for a bottom-up approach to better understand the effects of frustration and their exploitations also for technological purposes.