Quantum Parametric Oscillator Heat Engines in Squeezed Thermal Baths: Foundational Theoretical Issues

In this work, we examine some foundational issues of a class of quantum engines where the system consists of a single quantum parametric oscillator, operating in an Otto cycle consisting of 4 stages of two alternating phases: the isentropic phase is detached from any bath where the natural frequency of the oscillator is changed from one value to another, and the isothermal phase where the system is put in contact with one or two squeezed baths of different temperatures, whose nonequilibrium dynamics follows the Hu-Paz-Zhang (HPZ) master equation for quantum Brownian motion. Taking advantage of the fact that the HPZ master equation is an exact nonMarkovian equation, we examine some key foundational issues of theories of quantum open and squeezed systems for these two phases of the quantum Otto engines. Our aim here is not to present ways for attaining higher efficiency but to build a more solid theoretical foundation for quantum engines of continuous variables covering a broader range of parameter spaces hopefully of use for exploring such possibilities.