Terahertz-field driven collective dynamics in polar nanostructures

The collective dynamics of real-space topological structures have been of interest from both fundamental and applied perspectives. Topological structures constructed from electrical polarization rather than spin have recently been realized in ferroelectric superlattices, promising for ultrafast electric-field control of topological orders. However, little is known about the dynamics of such complex extended nanostructures which underlies their functionalities. Using terahertz-field excitation and femtosecond x-ray diffraction measurements, we observe ultrafast collective polarization dynamics that are unique to polar vortices [1], with orders of magnitude higher frequencies and smaller lateral size than those of experimentally realized magnetic vortices. A previously unseen soft mode, hereafter referred to as a vortexon, emerges as transient arrays of nanoscale circular patterns of atomic displacements, which reverse their vorticity on picosecond time scales. Its frequency is significantly reduced at a critical strain, indicating a condensation of structural dynamics. First-principles-based atomistic calculations and phase-field modeling reveal the microscopic atomic arrangements and frequencies of the vortex modes. The discovery of subterahertz collective dynamics in polar vortices opens up opportunities for applications of electric-field-driven data processing in topological structures with ultrahigh speed and density. This new experimental approach can be applied to probe the dynamical properties of a wide range of ferroelectric nanostructures. The ongoing investigation on the collective dynamics of polar skyrmions will be briefly discussed.