A First-Principles Exploration of Na_xS_y Binary Phases at 1 atm and Under Pressure

Interest in Na-S compounds stems from their use in battery materials at 1 atm, as well as the potential for superconductivity under pressure. Evolutionary structure searches coupled with Density Functional Theory calculations were employed to predict stable and low-lying metastable phases of sodium poor and sodium rich sulfides at 1 atm and within 100–200 GPa. At ambient pressures, four new stable or metastable phases with unbranched sulfur motifs were predicted: Na₂S₃ with C2/c and Imm2 symmetry, C2 -Na₂S₅ and C2 -Na₂S₈. Van der Waals interactions were shown to affect the energy ordering of various polymorphs. At high pressure, several novel phases that contained a wide variety of zero-, one-, and two-dimensional sulfur motifs were predicted, and their electronic structures and bonding were analyzed. At 200 GPa, P4/mmm -Na₂S₈ was predicted to become superconducting below 15.5 K, which is close to results previously obtained for the β -Po phase of elemental sulfur. The structures of the most stable M₃S and M₄S, M = Na, phases differed from those previously reported for compounds with M = H, Li, K.