Industrial Physics History

Industrial Physics History

INVITED · V3

Presiders

Role: CHAIR

Chih-Chung Chang

Department of Physics and NANO Systems Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, Argonne Natl. Lab, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, NIST, Harvard University Dept. of Physics and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University Dept. of Physics, Brigham Young University, Sandia National laboratories, Air Force Research Laboratory, Dep. of Basic Science, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan, Dep. of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Microelectronic Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Texas Instruments, ANL, Argonne, IL 60439, USA, Ioffe PTI, St Petersburg, 194021, Russia, Naval Research Laboratory, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0R6 Canada, Vanderbilt University \& Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Vanderbilt University \& Penn State Erie, Vanderbilt University, Georgia Institute of Technology, NEU, UCSD, Ariel Inc., Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Northwestern University, Northwestern University Synchrotron Research Center, The University of Tokyo, KAST, KAST, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, CHINA, Oakland University, Dept. of Chemistry, Kyoto Univ., IMR, Tohoku University, CREST-JST, Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Max Planck Institute for Feskorperforshung, Stuttgart, Germany, Institute for Solid State Physics, Univ. of Tokyo, Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, HMI Berlin, Germany., Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, UK., Royal Holloway, University of London, UK., ISIS Facility, UK., HMI Berlin and Technische Universitat Berlin, Germany, CEA Saclay, France., University of Alberta Physics Dept, and National Institute for Nanotechnology, Edmonton AB Canada, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, UC Irvine, Univ. of Ioannina, Greece, Palacky Univ., Czech Republic, Columbia University, Dept of Solid State Physics, Lund Univ, Dept of Physics and Sch of Eng and App Sci, Harvard Univ, Dept of Physics, ETH, Dept of Physics, Harvard Univ, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA, Institut de Mineralogie et Physique des Milieux Condenses, Paris, France, FPRD Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea, University of Southern California, Univ. of Illinois, Physics Department of UCLA, Department of Electrical Engineering, UC Berkley, Waseda University, Stanford University, Weizmann Institute, Sandia National Laboratories, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Canada, Peking University, University of California, Davis, NHMFL, Tallahassee, LANL, Stanford, UCLA, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Occidental College, Dept. of Chemistry, M.I.T., Institut Charles Sadron, 6 rue Boussingault, 67083 Strasbourg, France, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA, Lebedev Physics Institute 117924 Moscow Russia, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemestry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China, Depts. of Physics and Applied Physics, Columbia Univ., Dept. of Chemistry, Yale Univ., Dept. of Applied Physics, Yale Univ., University of California, Los Angeles, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, NREL, Golden, CO 80401, Corning, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Sandia National Labs, The University of Akron, Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Univ. of Notre Dame, IN, Ben-Gurion University, Dept of Physics, UC San Diego, Dept of Physics, Northern Illinois Univ., Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Dept of Mat. Sci. and Eng., Stony Brook University, University Rostock, Institute of Physics, Uniplatz 3, 18051 Rostock, Germany, Dept. of Chemical and Biological Eng., Northwestern University, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics, Physics Department, Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany, Walther Meissner Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Garching, Germany, Yale Applied Physics, Yale University Applied Physics, NIST Boulder, Toyota Central R\&D Labs., Inc., CREST, Toyota Central R\&D Labs., Inc., Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, Univ. Toronto, Argonne National Lab, Univ. California Berkely, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Brookhaven National Lab, ESRF, NU, Tohoku Univ., Japan, JASRI/SPring-8, Japan, NU and AGH, Poland, NU and Delft University of Technology, Boston College, Institute of Physics and National Lab for Condensed Matter Physics China, Northeastern U., Stanford U. and LBNL, LBNL, U. of Tokyo, Stanford U. and TIT Japan, Chinese Acad. of Sci., Osaka U., CRIEPI Japan, Stanford U. and U. of Tokyo, Northeastern U. and TUT Finland, University of California, Santa Cruz, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Ames Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of British Columbia, UC Berkeley, LBNL, Ohio State University, Nagoya University, Tokyo University, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Aoyama Gakuin University, Department of Subatomic and radiation physics, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, Center for Theoretical Physics, Sloane Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, U.S.A., Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica Taiwan, Dept. of Physics, University of Toronto, University of Massachusetts Amherst, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Florida State University, ITP, Beijing, Kent State University, Case Western Reserve University, Harvey Mudd College, University of Pittsburgh, MSC/PARIS, LPS/ORSAY, PPMD/ESPCI, Rowland Institute at Harvard, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02142, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, ETH Zurich, Tribhuvan University, Nepal, University of Toronto, Canada, Argonne National Laboratory, USA, University of Seoul, Korea, K-JIST, Korea, N. Illinois University, UC Berkeley, Cornell University, University of Washington, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA, Institute of Applied Physics, University of Hamburg, D-20355 Hamburg, Germany, Sarnoff Corporation, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Seoul National University, HCEI, ITEP, PVI, Oxnard CA, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA, Department of Physics, Bilkent University, Bilkent, 06800 Ankara, Turkey, NEST-CNR-INFM and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56126 Pisa, Italy, Center for Spintronics and Quantum Computation, University of California Santa Barbara, Institute for Quantum and Complex Dynamics, University of California Santa Barbara, University of Oklahoma, University of Florida, New York University, NCNR, NIST, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids Dresden, Germany, NVE, Eden Prairie MN, NIST, Gaithersburg MD, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Univ. of Delaware, Newark, DE, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China, Oak Ridge National Lab., Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge, TN, Applied Chemistry Dept., Univ. of Tokyo, Tokyo,Japan, Chemistry Dept., Univ. at Stony Brook, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY, Physics Dept., Univ. at Buffalo (UB), SUNY, Buffalo, NY, University of Kentucky, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA, Tulane University, USA, University of Kassel, Tulane University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Florida International University, Miami, University of St. Andrews, Cornell University, Brookhaven National Laboratory, TU, ANL, Tulane University (TU), University of St. Andrews, UK, University of St. Andrews, UK, Cornell University, University of Tulsa, City University of Hong Kong, ICP, University of Stuttgart, Germany, Numerical Rocks AS, Norway, StatoilHydro ASA, Norway, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, National High Magnetic Field Lab, Los Alamos, NM, ECE Dept., Rice University, Houston, TX, Department of Applied Physics, Nagoya University, Japan, Rice University, University of Rochester, RPI, Virginia Commonwealth Univ, US Army Corps of Engineers, PSN, COBRA, TU Eindhoven, The Netherlands, TFVS, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium, VSM, KU Leuven, Belgium, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Washington University, Bell Labs, Symphony Acoustics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, Dept. of Physics, Fudan Univ., Shanghai 200433, P. R. China, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, Dept. of Physics, Kyung Hee Univ., Seoul 130-701, Korea, University of California, San Diego, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Physics Department, University of California, San Diego, Physics Department, University of California, San Diego and University of South Florida, Physics Department, University of California, San Diego and Cornell University, Kangwon National University, University of Victoria, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Athens OH 45701 USA., Tokyo Institute of Technology, JAIST, Neutron Scattering Science Division, ORNL, Oak Ridge,TN, NIST-NCNR Gaithersberg,MD, University of Houston, Princeton University, University of Tennessee, Pusan National University, Dept. of Physics, Waseda University, TCSUH and Department of Physics, University of Houston, Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Tohoku University, Soongsil University, RIKEN, The Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, RIKEN (Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), Wako 351-0198, Japan, Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan, Chemistry, University of Utah, North Dakota State University, University of North Dakota, Dept. of Physics \& Interdisciplinary Program of Intergrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Korea, Dept. of Physics, Northern Illinois University, Advanced Photon Source, ANL, Dept. of Physics, University of California at San Diego, ULP Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS UPR22, Strasbourg, France, P.U. Catolica Chile, U. Mo.-Columbia, Tech. Univ. of Denmark, Boston University, Universidade de Lisboa, Institut de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona, Mississippi State University, University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, Dept. of Physics and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at UC, Department of Applied Physics and Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, Department of Physics, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Germany, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom, Laboratorie de Physique des Solides, Universite Paris-Sud, Bat 510, UMR 8502, 91405 Orsay, France, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Menlo Park, CA 94025, Pennsylvania State University, Zhejiang University, China, Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University, Los Angeles, Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502,Japan, Department of Physics, Princeton University, Chemistry and Materials Science Divisions, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Argonne National Laboratory, Clark University, Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Alberta, Kyoto University, Japan, Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA, Institute of Physics and National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Beijing, China, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831,USA, Osaka Pref. Univ. \& JST-CREST, SRL-ISTEC, Osaka Pref. Univ., Department of Physics and Astronomy, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook NY, USA, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence KS, USA, D-Wave Systems Inc., 100-4401 Still Creek Dr., Burnaby, BC V5C 6G9, Canada, University of north Dakota, UC Berkeley/ LBNL, Harvard University, University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Tapei, Taiwan, Oersted-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark, University of Maryland, College Park, University of Calgary, Lund University, Tampere University of Technology, Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, University of California, San Diego, School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Israel, LPTMS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Dept of Physics, UMass Amherst, Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Department of Electrical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Institut de Ci\`encia de Materials de Barcelona-CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain, Nanjing University, Rutgers University, MV Systems, Golden, CO, Colorado School of Mines, University of Utah, National Energy Renewable Laboratory, Advanced Materials Research Institute, University of New Orleans, University of Maryland, NIST-Gaithersburg, NASA, The John F. Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA, UCSB, Harvard, Princeton, MIT, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, University of Pennsylvania, NTT BRL, NTT Corporation, Atsugi, 243-0198, Japan, Faculty of Eng., GSIST and CRIS (SOUSEI), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; $^{1}$CREST, JST, University of Regensburg, UBC, IMEC (Belgium), University of North Florida, Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, University of Manchester, The University of Chicago, APS, Argonne National Laboratory, Physics Department, University of Oregon, College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Busan Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Busan 609-735 Korea, Texas A\&M University, JHU, University of South Carolina, Johns Hopkins University, Dpto. Fisica Atomica Molecular y Nuclear and GISC, U. Complutense, Madrid, Spain, Dpto. Fisica, U. Oviedo, Spain, IMMM, CNM, CSIC, Tres Cantos, Spain, Inst. Neel, CNRS and U. Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France, Ames Lab and Iowa State University, University of Texas at Austin, University of Cologne, Germany, National Synchrotron Radiation Reasearch Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Greoble, France, University of Cologne, RIKEN and CREST, Saitama, Japan and University of Tokyo, Japan, RIKEN and CREST, Saitama, Japan, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kirenskii Institute, Siberia, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, NAMS, The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey, Deparment of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA, Department of Physics, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea, CSCMR \& FPRD, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Korea, ReCOE \& FPRD, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Korea, Centro Universitario de los Lagos, Mexico., TASC-INFM-CNR National Laboratory, Trieste, Italy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, ILL, Grenoble, Universite de la Mediterranee, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, The Molecular Foundary, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, IBM Thomas J Watson Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Univ. Brasilia, Rutgers University (Department of Physics), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NCNR), U. Maryland (Materials Science and Engineering), Brookhaven National Lab, NIST, UNLV, IFW, Dresden, Tech. Univ. Vienna, Department of Physics, Occidental College, Ames Laboratory/Iowa State University, Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Medical College of Wisconsin, Tampere University of Technology, Finland, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India, CSC -- Finnish IT Center for Science, Esbo, Finland, Florida State University, UCSB/KAIST, BGU, NHK Laboratories, Tokyo, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Physics Dept., SUNY at Buffalo, Univ. Cincinnati, University of Cincinnati, The Ohio State University, University of Cinncinati, University of Chicago, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University of Oregon, Correlated Electron Research Center, National Synchrotron Light Source, Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, Oak Ridge National Lab, EME/CeRMAE/IN2UB, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Institute of Physics, Polish Acad. of Sci., Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02668 Warszawa, Poland, Institut de Ci\`encia de Materials de Barcelona-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain, Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, University of Central Florida, Ames laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, USA, Department of Physics and Program of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea, Materials Science and Engineering Dep., U. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, MPI for Microstructure Physics, AMPEL, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden CO-80401, Kyma Technologies, Inc., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Lehigh University, Army Research Laboratory, University of California, Riverside, Brandeis University, Hampton University, Quantum Information Group, Institute for Scientific Interchange (ISI), Viale Settimio Severo 65, I-10133 Torino, Italy, Univ. of Southern Califor., Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, I-10129 Torino, Italy, Quantum Information Group, Institute for Scientific, Quantum Information Group, Institute for Scientific Interchange (ISI), Viale Settimio Severo 65, I-10133 Torino, Italy, Saint Anselm College, The University of Texas at Austin, CIC nanoGUNE Consolider, Mikeletegi Pasealekua 56, E-2009 Donostia, Basque Country, Spain, Materia Kondentsatuaren Fisika Saila, Zientzia eta Teknologia Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, PO 644, E-48080 Bilbo, Basque Country, Spain, Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, LASSP, Cornell University, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France, University of Cambridge, University of Wuerzburg, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS-UMR8502, Universite de Paris-Sud, Orsay 91405, France, Department of Physics, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX 78712, Department of Physics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1, Department of Physics, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4242, USA, PUC-RJ, Universiteit Antwerpen, Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas F\'isicas, ECE, University of Illinois at Chicago, Departamento de F\'isica, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain, Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, Physics Department, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA, Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Louisiana State University, University of Colorado, Boulder, LEM, CNRS-ONERA, 29 Av. de la Division Leclerc, BP72, 92322 Ch\^atillon Cedex, France, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lab, Menlo Park, Materials, Physics, and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Departments, University of California, Santa Barbara, Universita di Milano, University of Colorado, Laboratoire de Physique, ENS Lyon, Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, Chemical Engineering \& Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Physics, Miami University, Universidad de Barcelona, Universidad Nacional, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Department of Materials Science, University of Cambridge, Gakushuin Univ., Inst. Mater. Str. Sci., KEK, Inst. Chem. Res., Kyoto Univ., Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Center for Nanophysics and Advanced Materials, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Stockholm University, Department of Physics, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Center for Theoretical Physics, and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany, Department of Physics, Sam Houston State University, Bell Labs, Alcatel-Lucent, Bell Laboratories, Bell labs, Alcatel-Lucent, Lake Shore Cryotronics, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada, Intematix Corporation, Purdue University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston college, Aegis Technology, Inc., 3300A Westminster Ave., Santa Ana, CA 92703, SUNY Buffalo, University of Texas Southwestern, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology (on leave from CONICET, FI-UNER, Argentina), LBNL, UCB, UCB, LBNL, National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO 80401, University at Buffalo, SUNY, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, USA, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, ISSP, Univ. of Tokyo, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Hahn-Meitner Institute, Univ. of Virginia, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China., Augsburg University, Northern Arizona University, CNM \& MSD, Argonne National Laboratory, Department of Physics, UIUC, HFIR, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, MSD, Argonne National Laboratory, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Paul Scherrer Institut, Paul Scherrer Insitut, Swiss Light Source, University of Michigan, Department of Physics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, NIST, Center for Neutron Research, Advance Photon Source, Argonne National Lab., IBM Watson Research Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180-3590, Honda R.I., G\"oteborg University, Duke University, Honda Research Institute USA Inc., UIUC, The University of Arkansas, The University of Central Florida, Queen Mary University of London, UK, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland, University of Coimbra, Portugal, LPTMC, UPMC Paris, France, Goldman Sachs, National Insitute for Materials Science, Yukawa Institute of Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK, Univ. of Tsukuba and JST-CREST, RIKEN, Tokyo TECH, and JST-CREST, RIKEN, AIST, and JST-CREST, NC State University, Experimental Physics V, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, University of Augsburg, D-86135Augsburg, Germany, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, RAL ISIS, CSEC Univ. Edinburgh, University of Tokyo, CERC-AIST, Osaka University, JAEA, LANSCE, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, VTT Biotechnology, Finland, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland, Center for Functional Materials and Department of Physics, Abo Akademi, Finland, University of California at Berkeley, Ohio University, Physics and Astronomy Department, Athens, OH 45701, Humboldt-Universit\"at zu Berlin, Institut f. Physik, Newtonstra{\ss}e 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany, Penn State University, University of Vienna, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Chair of Solid State Physics, MSD, Argonne National Laboratory, IL 60439, Department of Physics, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, R.O.C., Dpto. Fisica Mat. Condensada, Univ. Autonoma de Madrid, Spain, LPM, Univ. Henri Poincare, France, Dpt. of Physics, Univ. of Basel, Switzerland, MPQ, CNRS, France, Department of Biology, New York University, Stanford University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, CAS, EPFL, Switzerland, University of Washington, Seattle, USA, Fribourg University, Physics Department, Switzerland, Center for Materials for Information Technology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487 USA, School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406 USA, Submillimeter-Wave Technology Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Simon Fraser University, London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London and Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Rutgers Center for Emergent Materials, Rutgers University, Dep. of Phys. POSTECH, School of Phys. and Astron., Seoul National University, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Dep. of Phys., Chonnam National University, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette IN, USA, AGH-UST, Krakow, Poland, IWF, University of Tokyo, University of New South Wales, HASYLAB/DESY, University of Hamburg, ETRI in Korea, POSTECH, POSTEC, Tohoku Univ., Kyoto Univ., Stanford U. and SLAC, UC Davis, Yonsei U., Stanford U., U. Waterloo, AIST Tsukuba, School of Physics and Center for Strongly Correlated Materials Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima University, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo University of Science, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama Kanagawa, Japan, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, U Tennessee, Knoxville \& ORNL, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Universit\'e de Sherbrooke, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA, CRIEPI, University Tennessee and ORNL, Forschungsneutronenquelle FRM-II, University of Missouri - Columbia, [1] LPEM, ESPCI, Paris, France, [2] CNAM, Univ of Maryland, USA, [1] INSP, Paris, France, [1,2,3], Brookhaven National Laboratory, NY 11973, USA, Universite Paris 12 and CNRS UPR5-ESPCI, Paris, France, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA, ISIR, Osaka University, CRIEPI, Japan, Materials Research Department, Risoe National Laboratory, DTU, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, Canadian Light Source, SK S7N 0X4, Canada, Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242 and DMR NSF, Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, Department of Physics, Kent State University, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Stowers Institute for Medical Research, University of New Orleans, American Institute of Physics, Dalhousie University, Boise State University, University of Guelph, St. Francis Xavier University, Physics Department and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece, Oregon State University, Levich Institute and Physics Department, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA, Minerva Center and Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, 52900 Ramat-Gan, Israel, Department of Sociology, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, Physique Theorique des Materiaux, Universite de Liege, Belgium, DPMC, University of Geneva, Switzerland, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, Lawrence Berkeley National Labs, Berkeley, CA, 94720, Dept. of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, Bell Laboratories, Alcatel-Lucent, Delft Univ. of Technology, Dept. of Applied Physics, International Center of Condensed Matter Physics, Brasilia, Physics Dept., City College of the City Univ. of New York, Institute of Semiconductor Physics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia, The City College of New York, University of Minnesota, Endocrinology Consultants Center, 670 Crossover Rd. Tupelo, MS, 38801, Dept. of Phys, and the ICET, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul 151-747, Korea, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China, University of Missouri, Applied Material Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, Center for Computational Material Science, Vienna University of Technology, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, NCEM, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, Nancy Universite, France, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain, Hitachi Global Storage Technologies San Jose Research Center, Physics Dept., University of California at Berkeley, Groupe NanoMateriaux, CEMES-CNRS, Toulouse, France, Departamento de Fisica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain, Rutgers Univ., Okayama University, Osaka Prefecture University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN, Institut fuer Festkoerperforschung, Forschungszentrum Juelich, Germany, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Departamento de Fisica, UFMG, Brazil, Berkeley University, Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies Inc., Murray Hill, NJ 07974, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, NASA Ames Research Center, Materials Department, University of California at Santa Barbara, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, The University of Maryland, Ames Laboratory, USDOE, MST-6, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Astronom\'ia Optica y Electr\'onica, Dept. of Physics, University of York, U.K., Dept. of Physics, University of York, York, U.K., Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, USA, Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia, Spain, Department of Physics, University of Florida, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Advanced Materials Research Institute, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, UC Santa Barbara, Kyoto University, Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador BA, Brasil, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics and Frederick Seitz Matrials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champiagn, Department of Physics and Frederick Seitz Matrials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, ETSF, CNISM, and Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Universit\`a di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, IT, ETSF and CNISM, UdR Milano-Bicocca, Milano, IT, Cavendish Laborator, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, Departamento de Fisica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Instituto de Microelectronica de Madrid, CSIC, Laboratoire EM2C, Ecole Centrale Paris, University of Georgia, Department of Physics, Lakehead University, The University of Georgia, USA, Institution for Experimental Physics V, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany, Department of Physics and Center for Materials Research and Technology, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, Dept. of Polymer Science and Engr., Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst, Dept. of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius, University of California, Irvine, Kansas State University, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, Ion Reaction Laboratory, Dep. of Nuclear Medicine \& Radiobiology, Univ. of Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, Griffith University, UC Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany, Dept. of Applied Physics and JST-CREST, Univ. Tokyo, Dept. of Applied Physics, Univ. Tokyo, University of Missouri-Rolla, Central Japan Railways Company, Ooyama, Japan, Materials Science Department, Ohio State University, CNR-IMEM, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy, CNR-INFM-LAMIA, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy, FSU, ASU, University of Geneva, University of Rome ``La Sapienza", University of California at Diego, Ames Laboratory and Iowa State University, Institut Laue-Langevin, France, University of Geneva, Switzerland, Okayama University, Japan, University of Notre Dame, National High Magnetic Field Lab, Center for Nanophysics and Advanced Materials, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, ISIR, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan, Department of Physics, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY, California Institute of Technology, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Bucknell University, Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, CERC, CREST, Research Centre Juelich, Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA, Univ. of Missouri-Columbia, NREL, Univ. 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Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany, Physics Department, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, Physics Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, Physics Dept., Texas A\&M Univ., College Station, TX, , Institute of Physics, Acad. of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic, Physics Dept. 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Tokyo, Multiferroics Project, ERATO, JST, ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, OX11, 0QX United Kingdom, Hahn-Meitner-Institut, Glienicker Str. 100, Berlin D-14109, Germany, Ames Laboratory and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State Univ., Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, MRSEC, Department of Physics. University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, ERATO-MF, IMR, Tohoku University, IMRAM, Tohoku University, Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Hahn-Meitner-Institute, Glienicker Str.~100, D-14109 Berlin, Germany, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands, Department of Applied Physics. University of Tokyo, CERC, CREST, Department of Physics and Institute for Basic Science Research, Sungkyunkwan University, Condensed Matter Theory Laboratory, RIKEN, Dept. of Physics and Applied Physics, Columbia Univ., LPS, Universit\'e Paris-Sud, Orsay, France, Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, Chungnam National University, Konkuk University, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, Centre de Physique Mol\'eculaire Optique et Hertzienne, Universit\'e Bordeaux (France), Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston ,Texas, Oak Ridge Nat. Lab., Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Argonne Nat. Lab., Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany, Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, BNL, CCNY, CRMCN-CNRS, Marseille, Francia, E\&E Dept. UCLA, FENA, WIN, CNSI, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Univ. of Tokyo, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology (KAST), Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Computer Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA, Physics Division, BCPS Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan, IN2UB-U.Barcelona, ESRF-Grenoble, ICMA-CSIC and U. Zaragoza, ICMM-CSIC, Los Alamos National Lab, University of Rochester and Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester and Eastman Kodak Company, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300, Republic of China, Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, Republic of China, Department of Applied Physics and Center for Research on Interface Structures and Phenomena, Yale University, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Physics, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Massachusetts Amherst, Rice, Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita' di Roma, La Sapienza and SMC Research Center and ISC, INFM-CNR, Roma Italy, Universite' Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France, Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita' di Roma, La Sapienza and ISC, INFM-CNR, Roma Italy, Research Center SMC, INFM-CNR and Dept. Physics, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy, Dept. Physics, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy, Laboratoire de Physique et Mod{\'e}lisation des Milieux Condens{\'e}s, CNRS, Grenoble, France, International Centre for Theoretical Physics and University of Maryland, Univ. of Florence, INFN Section of Catania (I), 2nd Univ. of Rome (I), A.O. Policlinico, Catania (I), A.O. Cannizzaro, Catania, INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania (I), Yale University, Helsinki University of Technology and University of Oulu, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA, Materials Science and Technology Division, ORNL, and University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA, Microsoft Q, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA, Institut fuer Theoretische Physik III, Universitaet Stuttgart, Germany, Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Ca, USA, Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, Fritz Haber Institute, Berlin, Germany, Univerisity of California at Santa Babara, CA, Department of Physics, Stanford University, MPI-PKS, Dresden, Germany, LPT - University of Toulouse, France, Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530 USA, Physics Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA, UC Riverside, Iowa State Univ, SungKyunKwan Univ, NIMS, Japan, Inst. Chem. Res., Kyoto University, Keihanna Interaction Plaza Inc., SPring-8 Service Co., NTT Corporation, Department of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Air Force Research Labs, Texas A\&M, UDRI, Iowa State University, The University of Houston, The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA, Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Japan, Osaka City University, Japan, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada, Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Dept., Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque NM, Trihydro, APS, Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Institute of Physics, CAS, MER Corporation, Argonne National Laboratory, Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, Department of Physics, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, AFRL, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH, Laboratory of magnetism of Brittany CNRS, Brest, France, Korea University, KAIST, Department of Physics, Kyushu University, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, E.L. Ginzton Lab., Stanford University, USA, Technische Physik, Universitat Wurzburg, Germany, Laboratoire Aim\'e Cotton, CNRS, Universit\'e Paris-Sud, B\^atiment 505, Campus d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France, Hofstra University, STC ``Reaktivelektron'', NAS of Ukraine, 83096 Donetsk, Ukraine, Institute for Single Crystals, NAS of Ukraine, 61001 Kharkov, Ukraine, Materials Science Division, LBNL, Berkeley, California 94720, USA., Materials Science Division and Technology Division, LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA, SPSMS-DRFMC, CEAGrenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex, France, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut fuer Festkoerperphysik,76021 Karlsruhe, Germany, Physikalisches Institut, Universitaet Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruh, Department of Applied Physics and E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan, National Institute of Informatics, 2-1-2 Hitotsubashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8430, Japan, West Virginia University, University of Tsukuba, University of Tokyo, The College of Wooster, Wooster OH 44691, College of Charleston, Elizabeth City State University, University of Barcelona, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Department of Physics, School of Science, Nagoya University and JST-BIRD, NIST Electronics and Electrical Engineering Lab., Carnegie Mellon University, University of Toledo, Oxford University, Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, University of California at San Diego, CSC - Finnish IT Center for Science, Laboratory of Physics, Helsinki University of Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Theoretical Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Physics Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA02467, City College of New York, NCCU, Durham, NC, NSU, Norfolk, VA, q-Psi and BK21 Program Division of Advanced Research and Education in Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, Clarkson University, Potsdam, USA, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, USA, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan, Department of Physics and Samtel Center for Display Technologies, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan, Rice University Physics and Astronomy and Rice Quantum Institute, University of Innsbruck, Austria, Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Applied Science and Chemistry, U. California, Davis, Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Lamar University - Texas, Institut fur Physik, Mainz, York University, Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, Dartmouth College, Los Alamos, Dartmouth College and University of Padova, University of Rome ``La Sapienza" and INFM-CNR, Kastler-Brossel Laboratory, Ecole Normale Sup\'erieure (Paris), Vienna University of Technology, USTEM, Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Materials Chemistry, A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, U. Texas at Arlington, NSLS Brookhaven National Lab, Department of Physics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Department of Physics, Natl Sun Yat-Sen University, Department of Computer and Communication, SHU-TE University, Trinity University, Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, University of Western Ontario, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, Yonsei University, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Physics Department and Nevada Terawatt Facility, University of Nevada, Reno, Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, U.S.A., Department of Physics, Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45207, U.S.A., Kyoto Institute of Technology, Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munchen, Germany, Dept. Chem. \& Biomolec. Eng, NCSU, Air Force Reseach Lab, WPAFB, Kanagawa University, The College of Wooster, National Nanofab Center (NNFC), Daejeon, Southe Korea, Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, South Korea, Center for Materials Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Department of Radiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Department of Chemistry, Nagoya University, Japan, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Lab., ChemMatCARS, The University of Chicago, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Institute of Biomedical \& Life Sciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, CREST-JST and Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Ames Laboratory, USDOE and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames Lab / Iowa State University, Theoretical Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47048 Duisburg, Germany, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Institute of Materials Structure Science, KEK, Japan, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, University of Wisconsin-Madison, The University of Vermont, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sandia National Laboratory, National Taiwan University, Sandia, Caltech, Dept. of Electrical Engineering., Princeton University, Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Dept of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, Physics Department, Ohio State University, Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yale University, IBM Yorktown Heights, Pohang Light Source Pohang, Korea, Sogang University, Korea, Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, Dept. of Physics, Natl Tsing Hua Univ., Taiwan, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Natl Tsing Hua Univ., Taiwan, UT Austin, Freescale Semiconductor, SEMATECH, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Walter Schottky Institut, Technische Universitat Munchen, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, University of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Swarthmore College, Department of Physics, McCullough Building, Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, 100084, China, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland, INSP, UMR 7588, CNR/Paris VI et VII, France, Kavli Institute of NanoScience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA, Center for Spintronics and Quantum Computation, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, Grenoble High Magnetic Field Laboratory, CNRS, BP 166, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Physikalisches Institut, Universit\"at Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, University of California at San Diego, The Weizmann Institute of Science, The University of Edinburgh, U.K, FRM-II, Technical University Munich, ZWE, 85747 Garching, Germany, Institut Laue-Langevin - 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, BP 156-38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Institut f\"ur Anorganische Chemie, Universit\"at Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Physikalsiches Institut, Universit\"at Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, Institute of Nano Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics \& Astronautics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA, Institut Neel, Grenoble, France and ETSF France, IFTO, Friedrich-Schiller Universitaet Jena, Germany, The Univ. of Tokyo, Dept. of Mech. Eng., 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan, IFW Dresden, Germany, LSI, CEA-CNRS UMR 7642-Ecole Polytechnique, France and ETSF France, Nano-Electronics Research Laboratories, NEC Corporation, Research Center for Integrated Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, University of Louisville, Department of Physics and the Frederick Seitz Mater. Res. Lab., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, RIKEN, Tokyo Inst. Tech. and JST-CREST, RIKEN and JST-CREST, Inst. Phys. and TIMS, Univ. Tsukuba and JST-CREST, Ames Laboratory DOE and Iowa State University, HLD/FZD, NHMFL/Florida State University, University of Canterbury, Wayne State University, University Kaiserslautern, University Wuppertal, Kanazawa University, Tohoku University; Institute for Molecular Science, LMU-PSI, Toyota CRDL, Department of Physics, SUNY at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, Department of Electrical Engineering, SUNY at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York 14650, RIKEN, Spring-8, Univ. La Sapienza Roma, Italy, SISSA-ISAS Trieste, Italy, Caspur Roma, Italy, University of Memphis, University of Athens, Chemistry, University of Pisa, Physics, NRL, Chemistry, Dept of Physics and Astronomy and Polymer IRC, Univ. of Leeds, Dept of Chem./Polymer IRC, Univ. of Durham, School of Mathematical Sciences, Univ. of Nottingham, Dept of Mech. Engr./ Polymer IRC, Univ. of Bradford, Dept of Chem./Polymer IRC, Univ. of Sheffield, Cleveland State University, University of Nottingham, Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, UCSB, USA, Center for NanoScience \& Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany, Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Labs, Upton, New York, Ajou University, Korean Advanced Nanofab Center, Nuclear Medicine Department, State University of New York, NY 14260, Dept. of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, Dept. of Physics, Buffalo State College, NY 14222, LMGP-Minatec, France, Geophysical Laboratory,Carnegie Institution of Washington, Physics Department, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Materials Science Division, ANL, Department of Chemical \& Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, SSRL, UMass, NCSU, Meiji University, JAPAN, Vanderbilt University and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, USA, Tulane University, New Orleans, USA, Max Planck Institute for Metals Research, Stuttgart, Germany, Electrical \& Computer Eng Dept., Philadelphia, PA, Martha Washington Elementary School, Philadelphia, PA, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Joint Laboratory of Polymer Science and Materials, ICCAS, Beijing, China, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, USA, Department of Chemistry, Durham University, UK, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, NIST Center for Neutron Research, Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany, Laboratory for Physical Sciences, University of Maryland, University of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Universit\"{a}t Stuttgart, University of Waterloo, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, Universite de Geneve, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, France, University of Hamburg, Germany, New Mexico State University, Rice Unveristy, Dept. of Chemistry, MIT, Dept. of Chemistry, Rice U., Dept. of Chemistry, Budapest U. of Technology and Economics, McMaster University, TRIUMF, Department of Physics and Institute for Pure and Applied Physical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory - LANL, Brown University, Advanced Light Source, Stanford University and Advanced Light Source, NHMFL, NHMFL/FSU, Department of Basic Sciences, University of Tokyo, Universite Bordeaux I, CPMOH, UMR 5798, 33405 Talence, France, Department of Physics, University of Belgrade, POB 368, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia, Northern Illinois University, Condensed Matter Physics and Devices Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, Leiden University, Syracuse University, Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Nano-Optical Property Laboratory and Department of Physics, Kyung Hee University, Department of Physics, Sogang University, Department of Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19004, USA, Department of Polymer Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0390, USA, Max-Planck-Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, CTO and Vice President, Aglient Technologies, Distinguised Scientist in Residence, NYU and Senior VP and Dir. of Research (retired), IBM, President and CEO, HRL Laboratories, LLC, Max-Planck Institute for Iron Research, U. Western Australia, Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices, Levich Institute, City College of New York, New York 10031, USA, Dept of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Center for Network Science, Dept of Computer Science, Northeastern University, Northwestern University, Evanston, University of Goettingen, MPI-DS, BCCN, Goettingen, MPI-DS, BCCN, Goettingen, Department of Physics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Nebraska, 68182-0266, USA, Department of Physics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaoshiung 804, Taiwan, Republic of China, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alcatel-Lucent Technologies, NJ 07974, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, PA 16802, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, ICREA, EPSC Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain, CINVESTAV-Queretaro, 76230 Queretaro, Qro., Mexico, MPI fuer Festkoerperforschung, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany, Unite de Physico-Chimie et de Physique des Materiaux, Universite Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, Institute of Physics - NASB - Belarus, AMPEL, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA, Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, Washington university in St. Louis, Indiana University, School of Physics, Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland, Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, Oak Ridge National Laboratory \& University of Tennessee, Binghamton University, Department of Physics, Penn State University., Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University., Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska, Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, L.D. Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Moscow, Russia, University at Buffalo, Ohio University, Queens College CUNY, National Chiao Tung University, China, Swiss Federal Institute - Zurich, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Nanoscale and Quantum Phenomena Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, Physics Dept. and Institute for Quantum and Complex Dynamics, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSB, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Nanoscale and Quantum Phenomena Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Nanoscale and Quantum Phenomena Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701-2979, USA, Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Institute of Applied Physics, University of Hamburg, Germany, Institute of Physics, University of Muenster, Germany, Surface Physics Laboratory (National Key Laboratory) and Advanced Material Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China, Dept. of Applied Mathematics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, Dept. of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Photonics Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, Advanced Light Source, LBNL, Arizona State University, Chemistry Dept., Arizona State University, Physics Dept., Arizona State University, present address: Brown University, USA, present address: Technical University of Munich, Germany, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez, University of Delaware, Fudan University, Department of Earth Science, University of Cambridge, UK, Materials Department, UC Santa Barbara, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, UC Berkeley, Department of Physics, UC Berkeley, The Johns Hopkins University, In-Q-Tel, Trinity College Dublin, Macquarie University, Rutgers U., U. Arkansas, UC. Boulder, APS/ANL, Physics Department and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Department of Physics, University of Toledo, Department of EECS, University of Toledo, Department of MIME, University of Toledo, University of Illinois at Chicago, Tech-X Corp., UBC, PITP, Univ. of Southern California, Dept. of Phys and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, NHMFL and Dept. of Phys. Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, ISSP, U. of Tokyo, Physics Department, Universit\"at Erlangen-N\"urnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany, Center for Nanophysics and Advanced Materials, University of Maryland, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany, University of the Basque Country and Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastian, Spain, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy, Dep. of Physics, Occidental C., Ameslab and Iowa State U., NHMFL / Los Alamos, NM, Ames Laboratory and Department of Physics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA, Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA, Institut Laue-Langevin, FR-38042 Grenoble, France, Naiigata U., Japan, Physics/Oxford U., Physics/UCSD, NHMHL/LANL, Universite de Sherbrooke, Canada, U. Calif., San Diego, U. Tokushima, Tokyo Metro. U., Calif. State U., Los Angeles, ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Lab., U. 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Presentations

Industrial Research at IBM

COFFEE_KLATCH · Invited

March 13, 2008, 11:15 AM – March 13, 2008, 11:51 AM
Authors
- Paul Horn
  
  IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
View abstract →
Reflections on Three Corporate Research Labs: Bell Labs, HP Labs, Agilent Labs

COFFEE_KLATCH · Invited

March 13, 2008, 11:51 AM – March 13, 2008, 12:27 PM
Authors
- James Hollenhorst
  
  Agilent Technologies
View abstract →
Application Oriented R{\&}D: Aphorisms {\&} Anecdotes (The John Bardeen Lecture)

COFFEE_KLATCH · Invited

March 13, 2008, 12:27 PM – March 13, 2008, 1:03 PM
Authors
- Robert Frosch
  
  John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
View abstract →
The History of Science and Technology at Bell Labs

COFFEE_KLATCH · Invited

March 13, 2008, 1:03 PM – March 13, 2008, 1:39 PM
Authors
- David Bishop
  
  Bell Labs, LGS, Alcatel-Lucent
View abstract →
50 Years of ``Scaling'' Jack Kilby's Invention

COFFEE_KLATCH · Invited

March 13, 2008, 1:39 PM – March 13, 2008, 2:15 PM
Authors
- Robert Doering
  
  Texas Instruments
View abstract →

Presentations

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