Low-electric-field phase behaviour of Brownian colloidal suspensions in sedimentation equilibrium

We study the phase diagram of the suspension of micron-scale fluorescent labeled silica colloids in aqueous suspension as a function of concentration in the presence of a moderate (less than 1 volt per $\mu m$) AC electric field. Confocal microscopy was used to track three-dimensional structure and dynamics of colloidal suspensions in sedimentation equilibrium. We characterize thresholds for field-induced organization in monodisperse colloidal suspensions of two particle diameters using orientational order parameters. We then study structure formation at moderate fields above the field threshold. At concentrations greater than $10\%$, and electric fields much larger than the field threshold measured, the colloidal suspension crystallizes to form a body centered tetragonal structure as has been previously reported. At lower concentrations and moderate fields, we uncover complex structure formation phenomena that include equilibrium cellular structures.