Long range anions:diatomic, triatomic and polyatomic molecules

The observation of both long range and valence anions of O$_{2}$, NO, CS$_{2}$, N$_{2}$O, O$_{3}$, SF$_{6}$ , C$_{6}$F$_{6}$ CH$_{3}$NO$_{2}$, tetracene, anthracene, acridine, perylene, pyrene, naphthalene and the nucleobases is reported in negative ion mass spectrometry, photoionization, electron impact in nanodroplets, electron swarm experiments at low temperature and alkali metal beam studies.. New polarization or quadrupole bound electron affinities less than 0.1 eV are reported for the aromatic hydrocarbons, O$_{2}$, SF$_{6}$, CS$_{2}$ , C$_{6}$F$_{6}$ while dipole bound values less than 0.15 eV are reported for the nucleobases, N$_{2}$O and NO. The long range states act as gateways to valence states. This relationship is illustrated by Morse potential energy curves in single bond dissociations and in reaction coordinates analogous to Marcus parabolas. New adiabatic electron affinities are reported for some of these molecules, including (in eV) guanine, 1.64(2) adenine, 1.09(2); C$_{6}$F$_{6}$, 1.26(5); acridine, 1.09(2); perylene ,1.09(2); tetracene, 1.10(2), naphthalene, 0.19(2) eV.