Domains and Magnetization Rotation in Exchange Biased Ni/FeF$_2$

ORAL

Abstract

Exchange biased Ni/epitaxial-FeF$_{2}$ films have been investigated using vector coil vibrating sample magnetometry as a function of the cooling field strength $H_{FC}$, applied along the FeF$_{2}$ easy axis. At low $H_{FC}$ a single longitudinal hysteresis loop is observed, negatively biased with a large exchange field. With increasing $H_{FC}$, the loop divides into two sub-loops shifted oppositely from zero field by the same amount. The positively biased sub-loop grows in size with $H_{FC}$ until only a single positively shifted loop is found. Throughout this process, the negative/positive (sub)loop shift has maintained the same \textit{discrete} value. This is in sharp contrast to films with twinned FeF$_{2}$ where the exchange field \textit{gradually} changes from negative to positive values with increasing $H_{FC}$.$^{1}$ The transverse magnetization shows clear correlations with the longitudinal sub-loops. Interestingly, over 90{\%} of the Ni reverses its magnetization by rotation, either in one step or through two successive rotations. These results are due to the single crystal nature of the antiferromagnetic FeF$_{2}$, which breaks down into two opposite regions of large domains. $^{1}$ J. Nogu\'{e}s, D. Lederman, T. J. Moran, and I. K. Schuller, Phys. Rev. Lett., \textbf{76}, 4624 (1996). Work supported by NSF, DOE, Cal-IT$^{2}$ and NEAT IGERT.

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Authors

  • Luc Berger

    California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, Department of Physics \& Astronomy, Rutgers University, Argonne National Lab, University of Central Florida, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Materials Science Division and Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Laboratoire de Physique Quantique - ESPCI - Paris, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Center for Materials Research and Analysis, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands, Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering, Lenin ave. 47, Kharkov 61103, Ukraine, School of Polymer, Textile and Fiber Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Advanced Research in Optical Microscopy (CAROM), Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universit\`a di Trieste, Italy, Dept. of Physics, SUNY at Albany, NY, Central Dept. of Physics, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, University of Cambridge, ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Harvard University, Delft University of Technology, Department of Chemstry, Sogang University, Department of Physics, Sogang University, Columbia Univ, Bell Labs, Columbia Univ, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, UCSD, University of Minnesota, California Institute of Technology, Texas Tech University, Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science and Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, SORST-JST ; NEC, Tsukuba; Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan, SORST-JST c/o Cancer Institute Tokyo, Japan, LPS University Paris-Sud, France ; JST-SORST, Tsukuba, Japan, JST-SORST, JST-SORST Tsukuba, Japan, SORST-JST Tsukuba, NEC Tsukuba, Meijo University Nagoya, Japan, LPS - University Paris-Sud - France, SORST-JST, Tsukuba, Japan, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR 8502 - University Paris-Sud - France ; SORST-JST Tsukuba, Japan, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, Northwestern University, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Institute of Physical Chemistry,Romania, Tohoku University, University of Tokyo, Universit\'e Paris-Sud, University of Tennessee, NIST Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, MD, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary, Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest, Hungary, Department of Materials, University of Oxford, UK, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of London, UK, NHMFL, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, UK, UKAEA Culham Division, Culham Science Center, UK, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, UK, National Institute for Materials Science, Dept of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Dept of Physics \& Astronomy, Northwestern University, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Universitat de Barcelona, UCLA, Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Department of Physics, University of Tennessee and ORNL, Edward L. 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California, San Diego, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Materials, Physics, and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Departments, University of California, Santa Barbara California, Dept of Physics, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, Trinity College Dublin., Advanced Light Source, LBNL, Inorganic Chemistry Lab., Oxford University, CHESS-Cornell, UNICAT-UIUC-FSMRL, U-Tenn. and ORNL, U-Tenn., IBM, NHMFL, Bell Labs, Lucents Technologies, Univ. of Maryland at College Park, Dept. of Physics and Applied Physics, Yale Univ., New Haven, CT 06520, B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering, Kharkov, Ukraine, TU Delft, The Netherlands, TU Delft / Michigan State U., IBM Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, Department of Chemistry, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX 77843, Dept. of Chemistry and The Nanoscience Center, Columbia University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, Physics department and New York State Center for Advanced Technology in Photonics Applications, Brooklyn College of CUNY, The Clorox Company, Yamanashi Univ, Hokkaido Univ, National Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO, Departement de Physique, Universite de Montreal , Montreal, PQ, Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Physics and Astronomy, Dept. of Materials Science, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Ca 94720 and M.R.S.E.C., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, Agilent Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA 94304, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, Dept. Materials Science, Univ. of California and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, Iowa State, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, Univ. of Michigan, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Michigan, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Univ. of Michigan, Jordi Associates, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, University of Michigan, University of Texas - El Paso, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan., Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan., Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611., Center for Superconductivity Research, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA., Kent State University, (NHMFL, Los Alamos National Laboratory), (Central Reserch Institute of Electric Power Industry, Japan), ISSP Univ. of Tokyo, Nagoya Univ., Osaka Univ., Kyoto Univ., CSR, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, Department of Physics, Penn State, University Park, PA, Physics Dept., Pohang University, Korea, NHMFL, Los Alamos, NM, Physics Dept., Caltech, Pasadena, CA, Vrije University of Amsterdam, University of Wisconsin, Argonne National Laboratory, *also Northern Illinois University, LLNL, Livermore, Ca 94551, Dept of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, GHMFL-CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, F38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Sengban Patent \& Science Laboratory, Albany, NY 12205, Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Nanjing University, Chinese Academy of Science, Physics Department, Harvard University, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Idaho, University of Ioannina, Greece, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan ROC, Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan , ROC, Department of Photonics, National Chiao TUNG University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC, Institute of Physics, National Chiao TUNG University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC, Department of Materials science, National Chiao TUNG University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Lab, Center for Materials Research and Analysis and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Univ. of Nebraska, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, University of Science and Technology of China, Dept of Phys, Univ of Ill at Urbana-Champaign, Dept of Phys, Univ of Ill at Chicago, Adv Photon Source, ANL, Univeristy of Copenhagen, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, Department of Physics, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, AMES LABORATORY OF US DOE, Department of PHYSICS \& ASTRONOMY, Iowa State University, Ames IA 50011, Physics Department, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 560-759, Korea, Ohio Aerospace Institute, Cleveland, OH 44142, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany-SUNY, Advisor, Randolph-Macon Woman's College, Lynchburg, VA, Centro At\'omico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, Comisión Nacional de Energ\'ia At\'omica, Argentina, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA, Argonne National Laboratory, USA, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA, University of California Irvine, USA, Ames Laboratory and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames Laboratory and Dept. of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Vereshchagin Institute for High Pressure Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142190 Troitsk, Moscow region, Russia, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York 11973, CEA-Grenoble, France, ISSP, Univ. of Tokyo, Japan, JASRI, Japan, Dept. of Physics, Osaka Univ., Japan, Dept. of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan Univ., Japan, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 32310, Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Texas Center for Superconductivity and Advanced Materials, University of Houston, University of Fribourg, Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Inst., Utrecht University, The Netherlands, Tel Aviv University, Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Princeton Univ., University of California, University of California - Santa Barbara, Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Physics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, Lehrstuhl f\"ur Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universit\"at Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany, University of Iowa, Dept. of Physics, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, and Research Lab. of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, University of Missouri, University of Massachusetts, Lowell MA 01854-5047, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210-1106, Kagoshima University, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, Dept. of Physics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville, KY, (MIT), (Tohoku University and CREST JST, 980-8578, Sendai Japan), (Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear – CDTN/CNEN, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil), (Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University), UFMG, Brazil, Tohoku University and CREST JST, Japan, Tohoku U. and CREST JST, Japan, UFRJ, Brazil, Phys. Dept., Harvard Univ., Department of Physics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA., Department of Physics and Division of Engineering, Brown University, Department of Physics, Queen's University, Canada, Physics, MIT, Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Department of Physics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Linclon, NE 68588, Department of Physics, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE 68182, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC 20375, Kalamazoo College and KFKI Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kalamazoo College, Departament de Fisica i Enginyeria Nuclear, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain, Departamento de Fisica, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Lab, Physics Department, Cornell University, Harvard Division of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard Physics, Naval Research Lab, Washington, DC, Physics Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Division of Dermatology, University of British Columbia, Department of Cancer Imaging, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Queen's University, ON, Canada, Yale University, CT, Texas Tech Chemical Engineering Dept., Cal Poly Physics Department, San Luis Obispo, Cal Poly Chemistry Dept. San Luis Obispo, The Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8202, NanoScience Simulation Laboratory, Department of Physics, Fu Jen University, Dept. of Physics, Yeung-Nam University, Taegu, S. Korea, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China, University of South Florida, Jacksonville State University, Dept of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Rolla, USA, Dept of Physics, University of South-Florida, USA, Dept of Physics, University of Liege, Belgium, Department of Physics, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, University of California, Berkeley, Cornell University, CRIPEI, CERC (AIST), AIST-Tsukuba, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chernogolovka, Russia, Superconductivity Research Laboratory, ISTEC, Japan, Department of Physics, Pohang University, Korea, Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, USA, Hebrew University, Department of Physics and Department of Electrical Engineering, Michigan Tech University, Houghton, MI 49931, Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, A.F. Ioffe Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, A. F. Ioffe Institute, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia, Physics Department, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University Regensburg, Oak Ridge Nat. Lab., Univ. Cincinnati, Univ. North Dakota, Univ. Cincinnati, Oak Ridge Nat. Lab., Dept. of Physics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Univ. of North Dakota, Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, Department of Physics \& Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Paul Scherrer Institut WHGA/123 CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia, U. Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Ames Lab, President of the National Society of Black Physicists, Physics Department, University of Maryland, CASC, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Yokoyama Nano-structured LC Project, ERATO; LC Nanosystem, SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Center for Materials Research, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA, Centre for Electronic Materials and Devices, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Physics and UniS Material Institute, University of Surrey, NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Dept of Materials Sc. \& Engg, GIST, Gwangju, Korea, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, Bartlesville, OK 74004, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Institut Curie-Section de Recherche, LBNL-ALS, SJSU, Ames Laboratory, SRI International, IRRMA - EPFL, Lausanne, UC Irvine, California, Amherst College, LBNL and University of California, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, Commissariat d'Energie Atomique, DRFMC/SPSMS/LCP, Grenoble, France, Department of Physics, National Changhua University of Education, University California, Los Angeles, Dongguk University (KOREA), Chungbuk National University (KOREA), LPCES, Universit\'e Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Air Force Research Lab (AFRL/VSSS), National Sun Yat-sen University, CMS/ITRI, Division of Materials Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea, Department of Physics, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea, Department of Physics, Mokwon University, Taejeon, Korea, Institute of Physics \& Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, IICO, UASLP, Fac. Ingenieria Quimica, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Institute of Optoelectronic Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, Unidad Queretaro. Cinvestav-IPN, Department of Chemistry, Kyoto University, Japan, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Japan, Nagoya University, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, Fac. Ciencias. Qu\'imicas., BUAP, Rowan University, Towson University, MD, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Myongji University, Grad School of Science and Technology / Niigata Univ., IPAPS / UCSD, Tata Institute, India, Univ. of Tokyo, Japan, Institut f\"ur Experimentalphysik, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany, Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, the University of Chicago, Department of Physics, Myongji University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Myongji University, Delphi Research Lab, Shelby Township, MI, St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Northrop Grumman-Synoptics, Charlotte NC 28273, Department of Physics and Engineering, Sweet Briar VA 24595, Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia LV-0163, Northeastern Univ., Boston, MA, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, LabSem-CETUC. PUC-Rio. Brasil, Dept of Physics, University of Arkansas, Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Guilford College, The College of Wooster, Materials Department and ECE Department, UCSB, Materials Department, UCSB, ECE Department, UCSB, Argonne, Université de Metz, France, APS ,Argonne National Laboratory, Advanced Photon Source ,Argonne National Laboratory, CHESS, Cornell University, Ford Motor Co, Department of Physics, New York University, Metals and Ceramics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, Center for Simulational Physics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, MS\&E Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Bartol Research Institute, Universtiy of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, Institute of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, Materials Science Department, Ris{\o} National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, Materials Science Division, ANL, U. of California, San Diego, Advanced Photon Source, ANL, MST-NHMFL, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA, Dep. of Phys. and Astron., University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4575, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Center for Computational Material Science, University of Vienna - Austria, Institut fuer Materialphysik, Center for Computational Material Science, University of Vienna - Austria, Ames Laboratory$^1$, Matrials Science and Engineering$^2$, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy$^3$, Iowa State University, Kamerling Onnes Lab. Universiteit Leiden (Netherlands), Lab. Bajas Temperaturas. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (Spain), Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA, University of Toronto, Canada; Institute for Surface Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine, Brookhaven National Lab, USA, Uppsala Univ., U.C. San Diego, Univ. of Michigan, Max Planck Institute for CPFS, D-01187 Dresden, Germany, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, B.C., V5A-1S6, Canada, Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Japan, ReCOE \& School of Physics, Seoul National University, Korea, AIST, JST ERATO-SSS, Univ. of Tokyo, Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, School of Physics and Center for Strongly Correlated Materials Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA, Basic Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, 305-350, Korea, ReCOE and School of Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, Korea, Ames Laboratory and Department of Physics, Iowa State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering K-JIST, University of Seoul, Synchrotron Radiation Center, Oak Ridge National Lab., Univ. of Tennessee, Chonnam National Univ., Pohang Accelerator Lab., Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, Lab. Akoestiek en Thermische Fysica, Dept. Natuurkunde en Sterrenkunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Dept. of Physics and Center for Soft Matter Research, New York University, New York, NY 10003, Dept. of Physics, James Franck Institute and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, Department of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Boston University, Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland, Weizmann Institute of Science, Institute of Physics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont TX, University of Zurich, Max-Planck-Institutee for Solid State Research, DuPont Central Research, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, University of California, Los Angeles, Service de Physique Theorique, CE-Saclay, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Physics, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cambridge, UK, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Materials Science and Eng., Univ. of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Sciences Div., Fox Chase Cancer Center, William I. Fine Theoretical Physics Institute, University of Minnesota, Osaka University, CREST, JST, Risø National Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Clemson University, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Universidade Federal de MInas Gerais, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Material Research, Germany, University of California, Berkeley, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, UFRJ, Brazil, UC Berkeley and LBNL, Dept.of Applied Physics, Yale Univ., Chemistry Dept., Rice Univ., Humboldt University Berlin, Germany, NHMFL, Florida State Univ., NHMFL, Los Alamos National Lab, LNCMP, Toulouse, France, Dept. of Elec. \& Comp. Engineering, Rice Univ., The Rowland Institute at Harvard, 100 Edwin H. Land Blvd., Cambridge, MA 02142, The Rowland Institute at Harvard, Institut Romand de Recherche Numerique en Physique des Materiaux, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, School of Physics Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0430, Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Tohoku University, Japan, Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Texas at Austin, Dept. of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Physikdepartment E13, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany, Theoretische Physik, Universit{\"a}t Paderborn, University of Northern Iowa, University of Connecticut, Department of Physics, Astronomy \& Geosciences, Towson University, Institut f\"ur Experimentelle Physik 45117 Essen, Germany Institut f\"ur Experimentelle Physik 45117 Essen, Germany, Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J1, Canada, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Lucent Technologies, Department of Electronics and Mechanical Engineering, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan, Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, University of Regensburg, Michigan State Univ., Dartmouth College, University of California, Merced, Physics Dept., Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0030, Univ. of Cincinnati, $Univ.$ $of$ $Missouri$, $Univ.$ $of$ $Cincinnati$, North Carolina State University, Raleigh and ORNL, Oak Ridge, ORNL, Oak Ridge, Hewlett-Parkard Laboratories, Yonsei University, (Institute of Solid State Physics, Chernogolovka, Russia), (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), Institute of Materials Science, Univ. of Tsukuba, University of Tsukuba, Applied Superconductivity Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, University of California , San Diego, University of California at Davis, Carnegie Geophysical Laboratory and Advanced Photon Source (HPCAT), UNLV and HiPSEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-3110, Wright Patterson AFB, Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Physics Dept., Texas A\&M Univ., College Station, TX, Institute of Physics, Acad. of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic, Physics Dept. Univ. at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, Univ. of Notre Dame and Inst. of Physics, Polish Acad. of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland, Univ. of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Materials and Engineering Physics Program, Ames Laboratory, DRECAM/SPCSI, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France, Physics Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Universitat Aut\`onoma de Barcelona, Spain, University of Illinois, Chicago, Forschungszentrum J\"ulich (ISG3), Germany, IPICyT, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, U. de Santiago de Chile, Pontificia U. Católica de Chile, C.E.A. Saclay, France, Seagate Research, Pittsburgh, SPINTEC (CNRS/CEA), 17 Av. Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, LETI/D2NT, 17 Av. Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University of Minnesota, Department of Physics, Penn State University, Physics Dept., UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA, Advanced Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Center for High Performance Computing, University of Utah, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Department of Physics, Universit\"at Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany, Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, Ohio 44272, Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, U. Toronto and U.C. Berkeley, U. Toronto, Xavier University and MARC Program, The Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000, Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program and the Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, University of Nevada, Reno, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Carleton University, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, University of Akron, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Athens, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Chemistry, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, Department of Polymer Science, Peking University, P. R. China, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Pohang U. of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, Yale, Department of Physics, Eastern Michigan University, Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, Department of Physics, University of Reading, Reading, UK, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Dept. of Mech. Eng., The Univ. of Tokyo, Dept. of Elec.~\& Comp. Engineering, Rice Univ., Institution fuer Schichten und Grenzflaechen, University of Illinois, Sony Corporation, Mizuho Information \& Research Institute, Inc., LBNL, Berkeley, and UC-Davis, City U. Hong Kong, UW-Seattle, City U. Hong Kong, and Zhongshan U., LPT, Universite Paris-Sud and School of Informatics, Indiana University, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, CEA, Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, LPT, Universite Paris-Sud, Physics Department, Babes-Boyai Univ., 3400 Cluj Napoca, Romania, Physics Department, Philipps Univ., 35032 Marburg, Germany, UC Berkeley, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, UIC Physics Department, ESRF, Grenoble, APS-ANL, Argonne, PSI-SINQ, Villigen, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain, LBNL, Berkeley, and UC-Berkeley, LBNL, Berkeley, Mat. Sci. Program, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, Nanocenter, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, Benedict College, Columbia, SC, Masaryk University, Brno, Physics Department, Texas Tech University, Grenoble High Magnetic Field Labs - CNRS/MPI, Max-Planck-Institut for Condensed Matter Physics, Princeton University, USA, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, Cavendish Laboratory, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom, Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, National Measurement Laboratory, Center for Measurement Standards, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea, Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, Columbia Univ. and Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies, Univ. of Florida and NHMFL, University of Bremen, Quantum Sensors Project, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, Freescale Semiconductor, Univ. Tenn. at Knoxville and ORNL, Pontificia Universidade Cat\'olica do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Department of Physics, Oakland University, Department of Physics, FLorida State Univeristy and ORNL, Univ. Tenn.-Knoxville, FSU - FL, PUC-RJ-Brasil, Weizmann Institute, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft Unversity of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, Northern Illinois University, Osaka Institute of Technology, School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Univ. of Leeds, UK, Cavendish Laboratory, Univ. of Cambridge, UK, Universite Paris VII, France, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, TU Delft, The Netherlands, Sandia National Labs, Univ. of Toronto, Canada, Nuclear Medicine Department, SUNY Buffalo, NY 14260, Dept. of Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, Institute for Superconductivity at University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, Naval Academy Preparatory School, Newport RI, Argon National Laboratory, Department of Advancec Materials Science, University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Chiba, Japan, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, AIST, 1-1-1 Central 2, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, Stanford Univ., Rutgers State Univ. and Brookhaven National Laboratory, Nat. Metrology Inst. of Japan, AIST, Polish Academy of Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, University of Hamburg, Germany, Lyman Laboratory of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, Computational Materials Science Center, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan, SISSA \& DEMOCRITOS National Simulation Center, Italy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, INESC-MN, Rua Alves Redol 9, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal, *Present address: Department of Physics, Tongji Univ., Shanghai ,Chaina, Chemical Eng and Materials Sci, Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, Univ of Minnesota, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0850, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1106, Argonne Nat'l. Lab, Ames laboratory USDOE and Iowa State University

  • Luc Berger

    California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, Department of Physics \& Astronomy, Rutgers University, Argonne National Lab, University of Central Florida, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Materials Science Division and Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Laboratoire de Physique Quantique - ESPCI - Paris, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Center for Materials Research and Analysis, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands, Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering, Lenin ave. 47, Kharkov 61103, Ukraine, School of Polymer, Textile and Fiber Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Advanced Research in Optical Microscopy (CAROM), Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universit\`a di Trieste, Italy, Dept. of Physics, SUNY at Albany, NY, Central Dept. of Physics, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, University of Cambridge, ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Harvard University, Delft University of Technology, Department of Chemstry, Sogang University, Department of Physics, Sogang University, Columbia Univ, Bell Labs, Columbia Univ, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, UCSD, University of Minnesota, California Institute of Technology, Texas Tech University, Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science and Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, SORST-JST ; NEC, Tsukuba; Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan, SORST-JST c/o Cancer Institute Tokyo, Japan, LPS University Paris-Sud, France ; JST-SORST, Tsukuba, Japan, JST-SORST, JST-SORST Tsukuba, Japan, SORST-JST Tsukuba, NEC Tsukuba, Meijo University Nagoya, Japan, LPS - University Paris-Sud - France, SORST-JST, Tsukuba, Japan, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR 8502 - University Paris-Sud - France ; SORST-JST Tsukuba, Japan, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, Northwestern University, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Institute of Physical Chemistry,Romania, Tohoku University, University of Tokyo, Universit\'e Paris-Sud, University of Tennessee, NIST Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, MD, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary, Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest, Hungary, Department of Materials, University of Oxford, UK, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of London, UK, NHMFL, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, UK, UKAEA Culham Division, Culham Science Center, UK, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, UK, National Institute for Materials Science, Dept of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Dept of Physics \& Astronomy, Northwestern University, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Universitat de Barcelona, UCLA, Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Department of Physics, University of Tennessee and ORNL, Edward L. 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California, San Diego, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Materials, Physics, and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Departments, University of California, Santa Barbara California, Dept of Physics, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, Trinity College Dublin., Advanced Light Source, LBNL, Inorganic Chemistry Lab., Oxford University, CHESS-Cornell, UNICAT-UIUC-FSMRL, U-Tenn. and ORNL, U-Tenn., IBM, NHMFL, Bell Labs, Lucents Technologies, Univ. of Maryland at College Park, Dept. of Physics and Applied Physics, Yale Univ., New Haven, CT 06520, B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering, Kharkov, Ukraine, TU Delft, The Netherlands, TU Delft / Michigan State U., IBM Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, Department of Chemistry, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX 77843, Dept. of Chemistry and The Nanoscience Center, Columbia University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, Physics department and New York State Center for Advanced Technology in Photonics Applications, Brooklyn College of CUNY, The Clorox Company, Yamanashi Univ, Hokkaido Univ, National Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO, Departement de Physique, Universite de Montreal , Montreal, PQ, Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Physics and Astronomy, Dept. of Materials Science, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Ca 94720 and M.R.S.E.C., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, Agilent Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA 94304, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, Dept. Materials Science, Univ. of California and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, Iowa State, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, Univ. of Michigan, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Michigan, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Univ. of Michigan, Jordi Associates, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, University of Michigan, University of Texas - El Paso, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan., Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan., Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611., Center for Superconductivity Research, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA., Kent State University, (NHMFL, Los Alamos National Laboratory), (Central Reserch Institute of Electric Power Industry, Japan), ISSP Univ. of Tokyo, Nagoya Univ., Osaka Univ., Kyoto Univ., CSR, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, Department of Physics, Penn State, University Park, PA, Physics Dept., Pohang University, Korea, NHMFL, Los Alamos, NM, Physics Dept., Caltech, Pasadena, CA, Vrije University of Amsterdam, University of Wisconsin, Argonne National Laboratory, *also Northern Illinois University, LLNL, Livermore, Ca 94551, Dept of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, GHMFL-CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, F38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Sengban Patent \& Science Laboratory, Albany, NY 12205, Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Nanjing University, Chinese Academy of Science, Physics Department, Harvard University, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Idaho, University of Ioannina, Greece, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan ROC, Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan , ROC, Department of Photonics, National Chiao TUNG University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC, Institute of Physics, National Chiao TUNG University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC, Department of Materials science, National Chiao TUNG University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Lab, Center for Materials Research and Analysis and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Univ. of Nebraska, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, University of Science and Technology of China, Dept of Phys, Univ of Ill at Urbana-Champaign, Dept of Phys, Univ of Ill at Chicago, Adv Photon Source, ANL, Univeristy of Copenhagen, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, Department of Physics, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, AMES LABORATORY OF US DOE, Department of PHYSICS \& ASTRONOMY, Iowa State University, Ames IA 50011, Physics Department, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 560-759, Korea, Ohio Aerospace Institute, Cleveland, OH 44142, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany-SUNY, Advisor, Randolph-Macon Woman's College, Lynchburg, VA, Centro At\'omico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, Comisión Nacional de Energ\'ia At\'omica, Argentina, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA, Argonne National Laboratory, USA, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA, University of California Irvine, USA, Ames Laboratory and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames Laboratory and Dept. of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Vereshchagin Institute for High Pressure Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142190 Troitsk, Moscow region, Russia, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York 11973, CEA-Grenoble, France, ISSP, Univ. of Tokyo, Japan, JASRI, Japan, Dept. of Physics, Osaka Univ., Japan, Dept. of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan Univ., Japan, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 32310, Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Texas Center for Superconductivity and Advanced Materials, University of Houston, University of Fribourg, Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Inst., Utrecht University, The Netherlands, Tel Aviv University, Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Princeton Univ., University of California, University of California - Santa Barbara, Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Physics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, Lehrstuhl f\"ur Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universit\"at Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany, University of Iowa, Dept. of Physics, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, and Research Lab. of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, University of Missouri, University of Massachusetts, Lowell MA 01854-5047, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210-1106, Kagoshima University, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, Dept. of Physics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville, KY, (MIT), (Tohoku University and CREST JST, 980-8578, Sendai Japan), (Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear – CDTN/CNEN, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil), (Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University), UFMG, Brazil, Tohoku University and CREST JST, Japan, Tohoku U. and CREST JST, Japan, UFRJ, Brazil, Phys. Dept., Harvard Univ., Department of Physics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA., Department of Physics and Division of Engineering, Brown University, Department of Physics, Queen's University, Canada, Physics, MIT, Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Department of Physics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Linclon, NE 68588, Department of Physics, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE 68182, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC 20375, Kalamazoo College and KFKI Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kalamazoo College, Departament de Fisica i Enginyeria Nuclear, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain, Departamento de Fisica, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Lab, Physics Department, Cornell University, Harvard Division of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard Physics, Naval Research Lab, Washington, DC, Physics Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Division of Dermatology, University of British Columbia, Department of Cancer Imaging, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Queen's University, ON, Canada, Yale University, CT, Texas Tech Chemical Engineering Dept., Cal Poly Physics Department, San Luis Obispo, Cal Poly Chemistry Dept. San Luis Obispo, The Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8202, NanoScience Simulation Laboratory, Department of Physics, Fu Jen University, Dept. of Physics, Yeung-Nam University, Taegu, S. Korea, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China, University of South Florida, Jacksonville State University, Dept of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Rolla, USA, Dept of Physics, University of South-Florida, USA, Dept of Physics, University of Liege, Belgium, Department of Physics, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, University of California, Berkeley, Cornell University, CRIPEI, CERC (AIST), AIST-Tsukuba, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chernogolovka, Russia, Superconductivity Research Laboratory, ISTEC, Japan, Department of Physics, Pohang University, Korea, Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, USA, Hebrew University, Department of Physics and Department of Electrical Engineering, Michigan Tech University, Houghton, MI 49931, Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, A.F. Ioffe Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, A. F. Ioffe Institute, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia, Physics Department, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University Regensburg, Oak Ridge Nat. Lab., Univ. Cincinnati, Univ. North Dakota, Univ. Cincinnati, Oak Ridge Nat. Lab., Dept. of Physics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Univ. of North Dakota, Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, Department of Physics \& Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Paul Scherrer Institut WHGA/123 CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia, U. Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Ames Lab, President of the National Society of Black Physicists, Physics Department, University of Maryland, CASC, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Yokoyama Nano-structured LC Project, ERATO; LC Nanosystem, SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Center for Materials Research, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA, Centre for Electronic Materials and Devices, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Physics and UniS Material Institute, University of Surrey, NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Dept of Materials Sc. \& Engg, GIST, Gwangju, Korea, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, Bartlesville, OK 74004, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Institut Curie-Section de Recherche, LBNL-ALS, SJSU, Ames Laboratory, SRI International, IRRMA - EPFL, Lausanne, UC Irvine, California, Amherst College, LBNL and University of California, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, Commissariat d'Energie Atomique, DRFMC/SPSMS/LCP, Grenoble, France, Department of Physics, National Changhua University of Education, University California, Los Angeles, Dongguk University (KOREA), Chungbuk National University (KOREA), LPCES, Universit\'e Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Air Force Research Lab (AFRL/VSSS), National Sun Yat-sen University, CMS/ITRI, Division of Materials Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea, Department of Physics, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea, Department of Physics, Mokwon University, Taejeon, Korea, Institute of Physics \& Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, IICO, UASLP, Fac. Ingenieria Quimica, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Institute of Optoelectronic Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, Unidad Queretaro. Cinvestav-IPN, Department of Chemistry, Kyoto University, Japan, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Japan, Nagoya University, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, Fac. Ciencias. Qu\'imicas., BUAP, Rowan University, Towson University, MD, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Myongji University, Grad School of Science and Technology / Niigata Univ., IPAPS / UCSD, Tata Institute, India, Univ. of Tokyo, Japan, Institut f\"ur Experimentalphysik, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany, Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, the University of Chicago, Department of Physics, Myongji University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Myongji University, Delphi Research Lab, Shelby Township, MI, St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Northrop Grumman-Synoptics, Charlotte NC 28273, Department of Physics and Engineering, Sweet Briar VA 24595, Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia LV-0163, Northeastern Univ., Boston, MA, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, LabSem-CETUC. PUC-Rio. Brasil, Dept of Physics, University of Arkansas, Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Guilford College, The College of Wooster, Materials Department and ECE Department, UCSB, Materials Department, UCSB, ECE Department, UCSB, Argonne, Université de Metz, France, APS ,Argonne National Laboratory, Advanced Photon Source ,Argonne National Laboratory, CHESS, Cornell University, Ford Motor Co, Department of Physics, New York University, Metals and Ceramics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, Center for Simulational Physics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, MS\&E Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Bartol Research Institute, Universtiy of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, Institute of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, Materials Science Department, Ris{\o} National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, Materials Science Division, ANL, U. of California, San Diego, Advanced Photon Source, ANL, MST-NHMFL, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA, Dep. of Phys. and Astron., University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4575, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Center for Computational Material Science, University of Vienna - Austria, Institut fuer Materialphysik, Center for Computational Material Science, University of Vienna - Austria, Ames Laboratory$^1$, Matrials Science and Engineering$^2$, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy$^3$, Iowa State University, Kamerling Onnes Lab. Universiteit Leiden (Netherlands), Lab. Bajas Temperaturas. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (Spain), Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA, University of Toronto, Canada; Institute for Surface Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine, Brookhaven National Lab, USA, Uppsala Univ., U.C. San Diego, Univ. of Michigan, Max Planck Institute for CPFS, D-01187 Dresden, Germany, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, B.C., V5A-1S6, Canada, Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Japan, ReCOE \& School of Physics, Seoul National University, Korea, AIST, JST ERATO-SSS, Univ. of Tokyo, Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, School of Physics and Center for Strongly Correlated Materials Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA, Basic Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, 305-350, Korea, ReCOE and School of Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, Korea, Ames Laboratory and Department of Physics, Iowa State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering K-JIST, University of Seoul, Synchrotron Radiation Center, Oak Ridge National Lab., Univ. of Tennessee, Chonnam National Univ., Pohang Accelerator Lab., Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, Lab. Akoestiek en Thermische Fysica, Dept. Natuurkunde en Sterrenkunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Dept. of Physics and Center for Soft Matter Research, New York University, New York, NY 10003, Dept. of Physics, James Franck Institute and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, Department of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Boston University, Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland, Weizmann Institute of Science, Institute of Physics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont TX, University of Zurich, Max-Planck-Institutee for Solid State Research, DuPont Central Research, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, University of California, Los Angeles, Service de Physique Theorique, CE-Saclay, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Physics, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cambridge, UK, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Materials Science and Eng., Univ. of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Sciences Div., Fox Chase Cancer Center, William I. Fine Theoretical Physics Institute, University of Minnesota, Osaka University, CREST, JST, Risø National Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Clemson University, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Universidade Federal de MInas Gerais, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Material Research, Germany, University of California, Berkeley, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, UFRJ, Brazil, UC Berkeley and LBNL, Dept.of Applied Physics, Yale Univ., Chemistry Dept., Rice Univ., Humboldt University Berlin, Germany, NHMFL, Florida State Univ., NHMFL, Los Alamos National Lab, LNCMP, Toulouse, France, Dept. of Elec. \& Comp. Engineering, Rice Univ., The Rowland Institute at Harvard, 100 Edwin H. Land Blvd., Cambridge, MA 02142, The Rowland Institute at Harvard, Institut Romand de Recherche Numerique en Physique des Materiaux, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, School of Physics Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0430, Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Tohoku University, Japan, Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Texas at Austin, Dept. of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Physikdepartment E13, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany, Theoretische Physik, Universit{\"a}t Paderborn, University of Northern Iowa, University of Connecticut, Department of Physics, Astronomy \& Geosciences, Towson University, Institut f\"ur Experimentelle Physik 45117 Essen, Germany Institut f\"ur Experimentelle Physik 45117 Essen, Germany, Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J1, Canada, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Lucent Technologies, Department of Electronics and Mechanical Engineering, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan, Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, University of Regensburg, Michigan State Univ., Dartmouth College, University of California, Merced, Physics Dept., Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0030, Univ. of Cincinnati, $Univ.$ $of$ $Missouri$, $Univ.$ $of$ $Cincinnati$, North Carolina State University, Raleigh and ORNL, Oak Ridge, ORNL, Oak Ridge, Hewlett-Parkard Laboratories, Yonsei University, (Institute of Solid State Physics, Chernogolovka, Russia), (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), Institute of Materials Science, Univ. of Tsukuba, University of Tsukuba, Applied Superconductivity Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, University of California , San Diego, University of California at Davis, Carnegie Geophysical Laboratory and Advanced Photon Source (HPCAT), UNLV and HiPSEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-3110, Wright Patterson AFB, Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Physics Dept., Texas A\&M Univ., College Station, TX, Institute of Physics, Acad. of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic, Physics Dept. Univ. at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, Univ. of Notre Dame and Inst. of Physics, Polish Acad. of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland, Univ. of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Materials and Engineering Physics Program, Ames Laboratory, DRECAM/SPCSI, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France, Physics Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Universitat Aut\`onoma de Barcelona, Spain, University of Illinois, Chicago, Forschungszentrum J\"ulich (ISG3), Germany, IPICyT, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, U. de Santiago de Chile, Pontificia U. Católica de Chile, C.E.A. Saclay, France, Seagate Research, Pittsburgh, SPINTEC (CNRS/CEA), 17 Av. Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, LETI/D2NT, 17 Av. Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University of Minnesota, Department of Physics, Penn State University, Physics Dept., UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA, Advanced Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Center for High Performance Computing, University of Utah, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Department of Physics, Universit\"at Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany, Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, Ohio 44272, Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, U. Toronto and U.C. Berkeley, U. Toronto, Xavier University and MARC Program, The Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000, Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program and the Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, University of Nevada, Reno, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Carleton University, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, University of Akron, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Athens, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Chemistry, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, Department of Polymer Science, Peking University, P. R. China, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Pohang U. of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, Yale, Department of Physics, Eastern Michigan University, Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, Department of Physics, University of Reading, Reading, UK, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Dept. of Mech. Eng., The Univ. of Tokyo, Dept. of Elec.~\& Comp. Engineering, Rice Univ., Institution fuer Schichten und Grenzflaechen, University of Illinois, Sony Corporation, Mizuho Information \& Research Institute, Inc., LBNL, Berkeley, and UC-Davis, City U. Hong Kong, UW-Seattle, City U. Hong Kong, and Zhongshan U., LPT, Universite Paris-Sud and School of Informatics, Indiana University, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, CEA, Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, LPT, Universite Paris-Sud, Physics Department, Babes-Boyai Univ., 3400 Cluj Napoca, Romania, Physics Department, Philipps Univ., 35032 Marburg, Germany, UC Berkeley, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, UIC Physics Department, ESRF, Grenoble, APS-ANL, Argonne, PSI-SINQ, Villigen, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain, LBNL, Berkeley, and UC-Berkeley, LBNL, Berkeley, Mat. Sci. Program, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, Nanocenter, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, Benedict College, Columbia, SC, Masaryk University, Brno, Physics Department, Texas Tech University, Grenoble High Magnetic Field Labs - CNRS/MPI, Max-Planck-Institut for Condensed Matter Physics, Princeton University, USA, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, Cavendish Laboratory, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom, Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, National Measurement Laboratory, Center for Measurement Standards, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea, Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, Columbia Univ. and Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies, Univ. of Florida and NHMFL, University of Bremen, Quantum Sensors Project, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, Freescale Semiconductor, Univ. Tenn. at Knoxville and ORNL, Pontificia Universidade Cat\'olica do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Department of Physics, Oakland University, Department of Physics, FLorida State Univeristy and ORNL, Univ. Tenn.-Knoxville, FSU - FL, PUC-RJ-Brasil, Weizmann Institute, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft Unversity of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, Northern Illinois University, Osaka Institute of Technology, School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Univ. of Leeds, UK, Cavendish Laboratory, Univ. of Cambridge, UK, Universite Paris VII, France, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, TU Delft, The Netherlands, Sandia National Labs, Univ. of Toronto, Canada, Nuclear Medicine Department, SUNY Buffalo, NY 14260, Dept. of Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, Institute for Superconductivity at University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, Naval Academy Preparatory School, Newport RI, Argon National Laboratory, Department of Advancec Materials Science, University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Chiba, Japan, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, AIST, 1-1-1 Central 2, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, Stanford Univ., Rutgers State Univ. and Brookhaven National Laboratory, Nat. Metrology Inst. of Japan, AIST, Polish Academy of Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, University of Hamburg, Germany, Lyman Laboratory of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, Computational Materials Science Center, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan, SISSA \& DEMOCRITOS National Simulation Center, Italy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, INESC-MN, Rua Alves Redol 9, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal, *Present address: Department of Physics, Tongji Univ., Shanghai ,Chaina, Chemical Eng and Materials Sci, Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, Univ of Minnesota, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0850, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1106, Argonne Nat'l. Lab, Ames laboratory USDOE and Iowa State University

  • Luc Berger

    California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, Department of Physics \& Astronomy, Rutgers University, Argonne National Lab, University of Central Florida, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Materials Science Division and Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Laboratoire de Physique Quantique - ESPCI - Paris, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Center for Materials Research and Analysis, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands, Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering, Lenin ave. 47, Kharkov 61103, Ukraine, School of Polymer, Textile and Fiber Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Advanced Research in Optical Microscopy (CAROM), Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universit\`a di Trieste, Italy, Dept. of Physics, SUNY at Albany, NY, Central Dept. of Physics, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, University of Cambridge, ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Harvard University, Delft University of Technology, Department of Chemstry, Sogang University, Department of Physics, Sogang University, Columbia Univ, Bell Labs, Columbia Univ, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, UCSD, University of Minnesota, California Institute of Technology, Texas Tech University, Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science and Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, SORST-JST ; NEC, Tsukuba; Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan, SORST-JST c/o Cancer Institute Tokyo, Japan, LPS University Paris-Sud, France ; JST-SORST, Tsukuba, Japan, JST-SORST, JST-SORST Tsukuba, Japan, SORST-JST Tsukuba, NEC Tsukuba, Meijo University Nagoya, Japan, LPS - University Paris-Sud - France, SORST-JST, Tsukuba, Japan, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR 8502 - University Paris-Sud - France ; SORST-JST Tsukuba, Japan, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, Northwestern University, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Institute of Physical Chemistry,Romania, Tohoku University, University of Tokyo, Universit\'e Paris-Sud, University of Tennessee, NIST Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, MD, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary, Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest, Hungary, Department of Materials, University of Oxford, UK, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of London, UK, NHMFL, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, UK, UKAEA Culham Division, Culham Science Center, UK, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, UK, National Institute for Materials Science, Dept of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Dept of Physics \& Astronomy, Northwestern University, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Universitat de Barcelona, UCLA, Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Department of Physics, University of Tennessee and ORNL, Edward L. 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California, San Diego, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Materials, Physics, and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Departments, University of California, Santa Barbara California, Dept of Physics, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, Trinity College Dublin., Advanced Light Source, LBNL, Inorganic Chemistry Lab., Oxford University, CHESS-Cornell, UNICAT-UIUC-FSMRL, U-Tenn. and ORNL, U-Tenn., IBM, NHMFL, Bell Labs, Lucents Technologies, Univ. of Maryland at College Park, Dept. of Physics and Applied Physics, Yale Univ., New Haven, CT 06520, B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering, Kharkov, Ukraine, TU Delft, The Netherlands, TU Delft / Michigan State U., IBM Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, Department of Chemistry, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX 77843, Dept. of Chemistry and The Nanoscience Center, Columbia University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, Physics department and New York State Center for Advanced Technology in Photonics Applications, Brooklyn College of CUNY, The Clorox Company, Yamanashi Univ, Hokkaido Univ, National Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO, Departement de Physique, Universite de Montreal , Montreal, PQ, Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Physics and Astronomy, Dept. of Materials Science, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Ca 94720 and M.R.S.E.C., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, Agilent Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA 94304, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, Dept. Materials Science, Univ. of California and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, Iowa State, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, Univ. of Michigan, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Michigan, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Univ. of Michigan, Jordi Associates, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, University of Michigan, University of Texas - El Paso, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan., Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan., Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611., Center for Superconductivity Research, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA., Kent State University, (NHMFL, Los Alamos National Laboratory), (Central Reserch Institute of Electric Power Industry, Japan), ISSP Univ. of Tokyo, Nagoya Univ., Osaka Univ., Kyoto Univ., CSR, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, Department of Physics, Penn State, University Park, PA, Physics Dept., Pohang University, Korea, NHMFL, Los Alamos, NM, Physics Dept., Caltech, Pasadena, CA, Vrije University of Amsterdam, University of Wisconsin, Argonne National Laboratory, *also Northern Illinois University, LLNL, Livermore, Ca 94551, Dept of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, GHMFL-CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, F38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Sengban Patent \& Science Laboratory, Albany, NY 12205, Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Nanjing University, Chinese Academy of Science, Physics Department, Harvard University, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Idaho, University of Ioannina, Greece, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan ROC, Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan , ROC, Department of Photonics, National Chiao TUNG University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC, Institute of Physics, National Chiao TUNG University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC, Department of Materials science, National Chiao TUNG University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Lab, Center for Materials Research and Analysis and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Univ. of Nebraska, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, University of Science and Technology of China, Dept of Phys, Univ of Ill at Urbana-Champaign, Dept of Phys, Univ of Ill at Chicago, Adv Photon Source, ANL, Univeristy of Copenhagen, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, Department of Physics, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, AMES LABORATORY OF US DOE, Department of PHYSICS \& ASTRONOMY, Iowa State University, Ames IA 50011, Physics Department, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 560-759, Korea, Ohio Aerospace Institute, Cleveland, OH 44142, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany-SUNY, Advisor, Randolph-Macon Woman's College, Lynchburg, VA, Centro At\'omico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, Comisión Nacional de Energ\'ia At\'omica, Argentina, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA, Argonne National Laboratory, USA, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA, University of California Irvine, USA, Ames Laboratory and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames Laboratory and Dept. of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Vereshchagin Institute for High Pressure Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142190 Troitsk, Moscow region, Russia, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York 11973, CEA-Grenoble, France, ISSP, Univ. of Tokyo, Japan, JASRI, Japan, Dept. of Physics, Osaka Univ., Japan, Dept. of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan Univ., Japan, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 32310, Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Texas Center for Superconductivity and Advanced Materials, University of Houston, University of Fribourg, Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Inst., Utrecht University, The Netherlands, Tel Aviv University, Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Princeton Univ., University of California, University of California - Santa Barbara, Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Physics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, Lehrstuhl f\"ur Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universit\"at Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany, University of Iowa, Dept. of Physics, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, and Research Lab. of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, University of Missouri, University of Massachusetts, Lowell MA 01854-5047, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210-1106, Kagoshima University, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, Dept. of Physics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville, KY, (MIT), (Tohoku University and CREST JST, 980-8578, Sendai Japan), (Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear – CDTN/CNEN, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil), (Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University), UFMG, Brazil, Tohoku University and CREST JST, Japan, Tohoku U. and CREST JST, Japan, UFRJ, Brazil, Phys. Dept., Harvard Univ., Department of Physics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA., Department of Physics and Division of Engineering, Brown University, Department of Physics, Queen's University, Canada, Physics, MIT, Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Department of Physics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Linclon, NE 68588, Department of Physics, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE 68182, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC 20375, Kalamazoo College and KFKI Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kalamazoo College, Departament de Fisica i Enginyeria Nuclear, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain, Departamento de Fisica, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Lab, Physics Department, Cornell University, Harvard Division of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard Physics, Naval Research Lab, Washington, DC, Physics Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Division of Dermatology, University of British Columbia, Department of Cancer Imaging, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Queen's University, ON, Canada, Yale University, CT, Texas Tech Chemical Engineering Dept., Cal Poly Physics Department, San Luis Obispo, Cal Poly Chemistry Dept. San Luis Obispo, The Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8202, NanoScience Simulation Laboratory, Department of Physics, Fu Jen University, Dept. of Physics, Yeung-Nam University, Taegu, S. Korea, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China, University of South Florida, Jacksonville State University, Dept of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Rolla, USA, Dept of Physics, University of South-Florida, USA, Dept of Physics, University of Liege, Belgium, Department of Physics, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, University of California, Berkeley, Cornell University, CRIPEI, CERC (AIST), AIST-Tsukuba, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chernogolovka, Russia, Superconductivity Research Laboratory, ISTEC, Japan, Department of Physics, Pohang University, Korea, Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, USA, Hebrew University, Department of Physics and Department of Electrical Engineering, Michigan Tech University, Houghton, MI 49931, Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, A.F. Ioffe Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, A. F. Ioffe Institute, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia, Physics Department, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University Regensburg, Oak Ridge Nat. Lab., Univ. Cincinnati, Univ. North Dakota, Univ. Cincinnati, Oak Ridge Nat. Lab., Dept. of Physics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Univ. of North Dakota, Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, Department of Physics \& Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Paul Scherrer Institut WHGA/123 CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia, U. Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Ames Lab, President of the National Society of Black Physicists, Physics Department, University of Maryland, CASC, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Yokoyama Nano-structured LC Project, ERATO; LC Nanosystem, SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Center for Materials Research, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA, Centre for Electronic Materials and Devices, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Physics and UniS Material Institute, University of Surrey, NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Dept of Materials Sc. \& Engg, GIST, Gwangju, Korea, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, Bartlesville, OK 74004, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Institut Curie-Section de Recherche, LBNL-ALS, SJSU, Ames Laboratory, SRI International, IRRMA - EPFL, Lausanne, UC Irvine, California, Amherst College, LBNL and University of California, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, Commissariat d'Energie Atomique, DRFMC/SPSMS/LCP, Grenoble, France, Department of Physics, National Changhua University of Education, University California, Los Angeles, Dongguk University (KOREA), Chungbuk National University (KOREA), LPCES, Universit\'e Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Air Force Research Lab (AFRL/VSSS), National Sun Yat-sen University, CMS/ITRI, Division of Materials Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea, Department of Physics, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea, Department of Physics, Mokwon University, Taejeon, Korea, Institute of Physics \& Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, IICO, UASLP, Fac. Ingenieria Quimica, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Institute of Optoelectronic Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, Unidad Queretaro. Cinvestav-IPN, Department of Chemistry, Kyoto University, Japan, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Japan, Nagoya University, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, Fac. Ciencias. Qu\'imicas., BUAP, Rowan University, Towson University, MD, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Myongji University, Grad School of Science and Technology / Niigata Univ., IPAPS / UCSD, Tata Institute, India, Univ. of Tokyo, Japan, Institut f\"ur Experimentalphysik, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany, Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, the University of Chicago, Department of Physics, Myongji University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Myongji University, Delphi Research Lab, Shelby Township, MI, St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Northrop Grumman-Synoptics, Charlotte NC 28273, Department of Physics and Engineering, Sweet Briar VA 24595, Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia LV-0163, Northeastern Univ., Boston, MA, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, LabSem-CETUC. PUC-Rio. Brasil, Dept of Physics, University of Arkansas, Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Guilford College, The College of Wooster, Materials Department and ECE Department, UCSB, Materials Department, UCSB, ECE Department, UCSB, Argonne, Université de Metz, France, APS ,Argonne National Laboratory, Advanced Photon Source ,Argonne National Laboratory, CHESS, Cornell University, Ford Motor Co, Department of Physics, New York University, Metals and Ceramics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, Center for Simulational Physics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, MS\&E Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Bartol Research Institute, Universtiy of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, Institute of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, Materials Science Department, Ris{\o} National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, Materials Science Division, ANL, U. of California, San Diego, Advanced Photon Source, ANL, MST-NHMFL, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA, Dep. of Phys. and Astron., University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4575, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Center for Computational Material Science, University of Vienna - Austria, Institut fuer Materialphysik, Center for Computational Material Science, University of Vienna - Austria, Ames Laboratory$^1$, Matrials Science and Engineering$^2$, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy$^3$, Iowa State University, Kamerling Onnes Lab. Universiteit Leiden (Netherlands), Lab. Bajas Temperaturas. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (Spain), Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA, University of Toronto, Canada; Institute for Surface Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine, Brookhaven National Lab, USA, Uppsala Univ., U.C. San Diego, Univ. of Michigan, Max Planck Institute for CPFS, D-01187 Dresden, Germany, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, B.C., V5A-1S6, Canada, Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Japan, ReCOE \& School of Physics, Seoul National University, Korea, AIST, JST ERATO-SSS, Univ. of Tokyo, Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, School of Physics and Center for Strongly Correlated Materials Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA, Basic Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, 305-350, Korea, ReCOE and School of Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, Korea, Ames Laboratory and Department of Physics, Iowa State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering K-JIST, University of Seoul, Synchrotron Radiation Center, Oak Ridge National Lab., Univ. of Tennessee, Chonnam National Univ., Pohang Accelerator Lab., Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, Lab. Akoestiek en Thermische Fysica, Dept. Natuurkunde en Sterrenkunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Dept. of Physics and Center for Soft Matter Research, New York University, New York, NY 10003, Dept. of Physics, James Franck Institute and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, Department of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Boston University, Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland, Weizmann Institute of Science, Institute of Physics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont TX, University of Zurich, Max-Planck-Institutee for Solid State Research, DuPont Central Research, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, University of California, Los Angeles, Service de Physique Theorique, CE-Saclay, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Physics, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cambridge, UK, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Materials Science and Eng., Univ. of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Sciences Div., Fox Chase Cancer Center, William I. Fine Theoretical Physics Institute, University of Minnesota, Osaka University, CREST, JST, Risø National Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Clemson University, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Universidade Federal de MInas Gerais, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Material Research, Germany, University of California, Berkeley, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, UFRJ, Brazil, UC Berkeley and LBNL, Dept.of Applied Physics, Yale Univ., Chemistry Dept., Rice Univ., Humboldt University Berlin, Germany, NHMFL, Florida State Univ., NHMFL, Los Alamos National Lab, LNCMP, Toulouse, France, Dept. of Elec. \& Comp. Engineering, Rice Univ., The Rowland Institute at Harvard, 100 Edwin H. Land Blvd., Cambridge, MA 02142, The Rowland Institute at Harvard, Institut Romand de Recherche Numerique en Physique des Materiaux, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, School of Physics Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0430, Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Tohoku University, Japan, Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Texas at Austin, Dept. of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Physikdepartment E13, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany, Theoretische Physik, Universit{\"a}t Paderborn, University of Northern Iowa, University of Connecticut, Department of Physics, Astronomy \& Geosciences, Towson University, Institut f\"ur Experimentelle Physik 45117 Essen, Germany Institut f\"ur Experimentelle Physik 45117 Essen, Germany, Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J1, Canada, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Lucent Technologies, Department of Electronics and Mechanical Engineering, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan, Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, University of Regensburg, Michigan State Univ., Dartmouth College, University of California, Merced, Physics Dept., Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0030, Univ. of Cincinnati, $Univ.$ $of$ $Missouri$, $Univ.$ $of$ $Cincinnati$, North Carolina State University, Raleigh and ORNL, Oak Ridge, ORNL, Oak Ridge, Hewlett-Parkard Laboratories, Yonsei University, (Institute of Solid State Physics, Chernogolovka, Russia), (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), Institute of Materials Science, Univ. of Tsukuba, University of Tsukuba, Applied Superconductivity Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, University of California , San Diego, University of California at Davis, Carnegie Geophysical Laboratory and Advanced Photon Source (HPCAT), UNLV and HiPSEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-3110, Wright Patterson AFB, Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Physics Dept., Texas A\&M Univ., College Station, TX, Institute of Physics, Acad. of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic, Physics Dept. Univ. at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, Univ. of Notre Dame and Inst. of Physics, Polish Acad. of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland, Univ. of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Materials and Engineering Physics Program, Ames Laboratory, DRECAM/SPCSI, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France, Physics Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Universitat Aut\`onoma de Barcelona, Spain, University of Illinois, Chicago, Forschungszentrum J\"ulich (ISG3), Germany, IPICyT, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, U. de Santiago de Chile, Pontificia U. Católica de Chile, C.E.A. Saclay, France, Seagate Research, Pittsburgh, SPINTEC (CNRS/CEA), 17 Av. Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, LETI/D2NT, 17 Av. Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University of Minnesota, Department of Physics, Penn State University, Physics Dept., UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA, Advanced Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Center for High Performance Computing, University of Utah, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Department of Physics, Universit\"at Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany, Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, Ohio 44272, Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, U. Toronto and U.C. Berkeley, U. Toronto, Xavier University and MARC Program, The Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000, Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program and the Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, University of Nevada, Reno, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Carleton University, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, University of Akron, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Athens, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Chemistry, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, Department of Polymer Science, Peking University, P. R. China, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Pohang U. of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, Yale, Department of Physics, Eastern Michigan University, Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, Department of Physics, University of Reading, Reading, UK, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Dept. of Mech. Eng., The Univ. of Tokyo, Dept. of Elec.~\& Comp. Engineering, Rice Univ., Institution fuer Schichten und Grenzflaechen, University of Illinois, Sony Corporation, Mizuho Information \& Research Institute, Inc., LBNL, Berkeley, and UC-Davis, City U. Hong Kong, UW-Seattle, City U. Hong Kong, and Zhongshan U., LPT, Universite Paris-Sud and School of Informatics, Indiana University, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, CEA, Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, LPT, Universite Paris-Sud, Physics Department, Babes-Boyai Univ., 3400 Cluj Napoca, Romania, Physics Department, Philipps Univ., 35032 Marburg, Germany, UC Berkeley, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, UIC Physics Department, ESRF, Grenoble, APS-ANL, Argonne, PSI-SINQ, Villigen, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain, LBNL, Berkeley, and UC-Berkeley, LBNL, Berkeley, Mat. Sci. Program, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, Nanocenter, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, Benedict College, Columbia, SC, Masaryk University, Brno, Physics Department, Texas Tech University, Grenoble High Magnetic Field Labs - CNRS/MPI, Max-Planck-Institut for Condensed Matter Physics, Princeton University, USA, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, Cavendish Laboratory, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom, Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, National Measurement Laboratory, Center for Measurement Standards, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea, Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, Columbia Univ. and Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies, Univ. of Florida and NHMFL, University of Bremen, Quantum Sensors Project, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, Freescale Semiconductor, Univ. Tenn. at Knoxville and ORNL, Pontificia Universidade Cat\'olica do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Department of Physics, Oakland University, Department of Physics, FLorida State Univeristy and ORNL, Univ. Tenn.-Knoxville, FSU - FL, PUC-RJ-Brasil, Weizmann Institute, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft Unversity of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, Northern Illinois University, Osaka Institute of Technology, School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Univ. of Leeds, UK, Cavendish Laboratory, Univ. of Cambridge, UK, Universite Paris VII, France, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, TU Delft, The Netherlands, Sandia National Labs, Univ. of Toronto, Canada, Nuclear Medicine Department, SUNY Buffalo, NY 14260, Dept. of Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, Institute for Superconductivity at University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, Naval Academy Preparatory School, Newport RI, Argon National Laboratory, Department of Advancec Materials Science, University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Chiba, Japan, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, AIST, 1-1-1 Central 2, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, Stanford Univ., Rutgers State Univ. and Brookhaven National Laboratory, Nat. Metrology Inst. of Japan, AIST, Polish Academy of Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, University of Hamburg, Germany, Lyman Laboratory of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, Computational Materials Science Center, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan, SISSA \& DEMOCRITOS National Simulation Center, Italy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, INESC-MN, Rua Alves Redol 9, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal, *Present address: Department of Physics, Tongji Univ., Shanghai ,Chaina, Chemical Eng and Materials Sci, Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, Univ of Minnesota, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0850, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1106, Argonne Nat'l. Lab, Ames laboratory USDOE and Iowa State University

  • Luc Berger

    California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, Department of Physics \& Astronomy, Rutgers University, Argonne National Lab, University of Central Florida, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Materials Science Division and Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Laboratoire de Physique Quantique - ESPCI - Paris, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Center for Materials Research and Analysis, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands, Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering, Lenin ave. 47, Kharkov 61103, Ukraine, School of Polymer, Textile and Fiber Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Advanced Research in Optical Microscopy (CAROM), Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universit\`a di Trieste, Italy, Dept. of Physics, SUNY at Albany, NY, Central Dept. of Physics, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, University of Cambridge, ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Harvard University, Delft University of Technology, Department of Chemstry, Sogang University, Department of Physics, Sogang University, Columbia Univ, Bell Labs, Columbia Univ, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, UCSD, University of Minnesota, California Institute of Technology, Texas Tech University, Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science and Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, SORST-JST ; NEC, Tsukuba; Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan, SORST-JST c/o Cancer Institute Tokyo, Japan, LPS University Paris-Sud, France ; JST-SORST, Tsukuba, Japan, JST-SORST, JST-SORST Tsukuba, Japan, SORST-JST Tsukuba, NEC Tsukuba, Meijo University Nagoya, Japan, LPS - University Paris-Sud - France, SORST-JST, Tsukuba, Japan, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR 8502 - University Paris-Sud - France ; SORST-JST Tsukuba, Japan, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, Northwestern University, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Institute of Physical Chemistry,Romania, Tohoku University, University of Tokyo, Universit\'e Paris-Sud, University of Tennessee, NIST Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, MD, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary, Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest, Hungary, Department of Materials, University of Oxford, UK, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of London, UK, NHMFL, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, UK, UKAEA Culham Division, Culham Science Center, UK, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, UK, National Institute for Materials Science, Dept of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Dept of Physics \& Astronomy, Northwestern University, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Universitat de Barcelona, UCLA, Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Department of Physics, University of Tennessee and ORNL, Edward L. 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California, San Diego, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Materials, Physics, and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Departments, University of California, Santa Barbara California, Dept of Physics, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, Trinity College Dublin., Advanced Light Source, LBNL, Inorganic Chemistry Lab., Oxford University, CHESS-Cornell, UNICAT-UIUC-FSMRL, U-Tenn. and ORNL, U-Tenn., IBM, NHMFL, Bell Labs, Lucents Technologies, Univ. of Maryland at College Park, Dept. of Physics and Applied Physics, Yale Univ., New Haven, CT 06520, B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering, Kharkov, Ukraine, TU Delft, The Netherlands, TU Delft / Michigan State U., IBM Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, Department of Chemistry, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX 77843, Dept. of Chemistry and The Nanoscience Center, Columbia University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, Physics department and New York State Center for Advanced Technology in Photonics Applications, Brooklyn College of CUNY, The Clorox Company, Yamanashi Univ, Hokkaido Univ, National Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO, Departement de Physique, Universite de Montreal , Montreal, PQ, Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Physics and Astronomy, Dept. of Materials Science, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Ca 94720 and M.R.S.E.C., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, Agilent Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA 94304, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, Dept. Materials Science, Univ. of California and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, Iowa State, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, Univ. of Michigan, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Michigan, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Univ. of Michigan, Jordi Associates, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, University of Michigan, University of Texas - El Paso, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan., Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan., Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611., Center for Superconductivity Research, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA., Kent State University, (NHMFL, Los Alamos National Laboratory), (Central Reserch Institute of Electric Power Industry, Japan), ISSP Univ. of Tokyo, Nagoya Univ., Osaka Univ., Kyoto Univ., CSR, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, Department of Physics, Penn State, University Park, PA, Physics Dept., Pohang University, Korea, NHMFL, Los Alamos, NM, Physics Dept., Caltech, Pasadena, CA, Vrije University of Amsterdam, University of Wisconsin, Argonne National Laboratory, *also Northern Illinois University, LLNL, Livermore, Ca 94551, Dept of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, GHMFL-CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, F38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Sengban Patent \& Science Laboratory, Albany, NY 12205, Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Nanjing University, Chinese Academy of Science, Physics Department, Harvard University, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Idaho, University of Ioannina, Greece, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan ROC, Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan , ROC, Department of Photonics, National Chiao TUNG University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC, Institute of Physics, National Chiao TUNG University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC, Department of Materials science, National Chiao TUNG University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Lab, Center for Materials Research and Analysis and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Univ. of Nebraska, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, University of Science and Technology of China, Dept of Phys, Univ of Ill at Urbana-Champaign, Dept of Phys, Univ of Ill at Chicago, Adv Photon Source, ANL, Univeristy of Copenhagen, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, Department of Physics, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, AMES LABORATORY OF US DOE, Department of PHYSICS \& ASTRONOMY, Iowa State University, Ames IA 50011, Physics Department, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 560-759, Korea, Ohio Aerospace Institute, Cleveland, OH 44142, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany-SUNY, Advisor, Randolph-Macon Woman's College, Lynchburg, VA, Centro At\'omico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, Comisión Nacional de Energ\'ia At\'omica, Argentina, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA, Argonne National Laboratory, USA, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA, University of California Irvine, USA, Ames Laboratory and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames Laboratory and Dept. of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Vereshchagin Institute for High Pressure Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142190 Troitsk, Moscow region, Russia, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York 11973, CEA-Grenoble, France, ISSP, Univ. of Tokyo, Japan, JASRI, Japan, Dept. of Physics, Osaka Univ., Japan, Dept. of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan Univ., Japan, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 32310, Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Texas Center for Superconductivity and Advanced Materials, University of Houston, University of Fribourg, Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Inst., Utrecht University, The Netherlands, Tel Aviv University, Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Princeton Univ., University of California, University of California - Santa Barbara, Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Physics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, Lehrstuhl f\"ur Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universit\"at Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany, University of Iowa, Dept. of Physics, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, and Research Lab. of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, University of Missouri, University of Massachusetts, Lowell MA 01854-5047, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210-1106, Kagoshima University, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, Dept. of Physics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville, KY, (MIT), (Tohoku University and CREST JST, 980-8578, Sendai Japan), (Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear – CDTN/CNEN, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil), (Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University), UFMG, Brazil, Tohoku University and CREST JST, Japan, Tohoku U. and CREST JST, Japan, UFRJ, Brazil, Phys. Dept., Harvard Univ., Department of Physics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA., Department of Physics and Division of Engineering, Brown University, Department of Physics, Queen's University, Canada, Physics, MIT, Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Department of Physics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Linclon, NE 68588, Department of Physics, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE 68182, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC 20375, Kalamazoo College and KFKI Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kalamazoo College, Departament de Fisica i Enginyeria Nuclear, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain, Departamento de Fisica, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Lab, Physics Department, Cornell University, Harvard Division of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard Physics, Naval Research Lab, Washington, DC, Physics Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Division of Dermatology, University of British Columbia, Department of Cancer Imaging, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Queen's University, ON, Canada, Yale University, CT, Texas Tech Chemical Engineering Dept., Cal Poly Physics Department, San Luis Obispo, Cal Poly Chemistry Dept. San Luis Obispo, The Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8202, NanoScience Simulation Laboratory, Department of Physics, Fu Jen University, Dept. of Physics, Yeung-Nam University, Taegu, S. Korea, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China, University of South Florida, Jacksonville State University, Dept of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Rolla, USA, Dept of Physics, University of South-Florida, USA, Dept of Physics, University of Liege, Belgium, Department of Physics, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, University of California, Berkeley, Cornell University, CRIPEI, CERC (AIST), AIST-Tsukuba, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chernogolovka, Russia, Superconductivity Research Laboratory, ISTEC, Japan, Department of Physics, Pohang University, Korea, Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, USA, Hebrew University, Department of Physics and Department of Electrical Engineering, Michigan Tech University, Houghton, MI 49931, Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, A.F. Ioffe Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, A. F. Ioffe Institute, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia, Physics Department, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University Regensburg, Oak Ridge Nat. Lab., Univ. Cincinnati, Univ. North Dakota, Univ. Cincinnati, Oak Ridge Nat. Lab., Dept. of Physics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Univ. of North Dakota, Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, Department of Physics \& Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Paul Scherrer Institut WHGA/123 CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia, U. Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Ames Lab, President of the National Society of Black Physicists, Physics Department, University of Maryland, CASC, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Yokoyama Nano-structured LC Project, ERATO; LC Nanosystem, SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Center for Materials Research, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA, Centre for Electronic Materials and Devices, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Physics and UniS Material Institute, University of Surrey, NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Dept of Materials Sc. \& Engg, GIST, Gwangju, Korea, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, Bartlesville, OK 74004, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Institut Curie-Section de Recherche, LBNL-ALS, SJSU, Ames Laboratory, SRI International, IRRMA - EPFL, Lausanne, UC Irvine, California, Amherst College, LBNL and University of California, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, Commissariat d'Energie Atomique, DRFMC/SPSMS/LCP, Grenoble, France, Department of Physics, National Changhua University of Education, University California, Los Angeles, Dongguk University (KOREA), Chungbuk National University (KOREA), LPCES, Universit\'e Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Air Force Research Lab (AFRL/VSSS), National Sun Yat-sen University, CMS/ITRI, Division of Materials Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea, Department of Physics, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea, Department of Physics, Mokwon University, Taejeon, Korea, Institute of Physics \& Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, IICO, UASLP, Fac. Ingenieria Quimica, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Institute of Optoelectronic Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, Unidad Queretaro. Cinvestav-IPN, Department of Chemistry, Kyoto University, Japan, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Japan, Nagoya University, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, Fac. Ciencias. Qu\'imicas., BUAP, Rowan University, Towson University, MD, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Myongji University, Grad School of Science and Technology / Niigata Univ., IPAPS / UCSD, Tata Institute, India, Univ. of Tokyo, Japan, Institut f\"ur Experimentalphysik, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany, Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, the University of Chicago, Department of Physics, Myongji University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Myongji University, Delphi Research Lab, Shelby Township, MI, St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Northrop Grumman-Synoptics, Charlotte NC 28273, Department of Physics and Engineering, Sweet Briar VA 24595, Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia LV-0163, Northeastern Univ., Boston, MA, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, LabSem-CETUC. PUC-Rio. Brasil, Dept of Physics, University of Arkansas, Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Guilford College, The College of Wooster, Materials Department and ECE Department, UCSB, Materials Department, UCSB, ECE Department, UCSB, Argonne, Université de Metz, France, APS ,Argonne National Laboratory, Advanced Photon Source ,Argonne National Laboratory, CHESS, Cornell University, Ford Motor Co, Department of Physics, New York University, Metals and Ceramics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, Center for Simulational Physics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, MS\&E Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Bartol Research Institute, Universtiy of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, Institute of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, Materials Science Department, Ris{\o} National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, Materials Science Division, ANL, U. of California, San Diego, Advanced Photon Source, ANL, MST-NHMFL, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA, Dep. of Phys. and Astron., University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4575, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Center for Computational Material Science, University of Vienna - Austria, Institut fuer Materialphysik, Center for Computational Material Science, University of Vienna - Austria, Ames Laboratory$^1$, Matrials Science and Engineering$^2$, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy$^3$, Iowa State University, Kamerling Onnes Lab. Universiteit Leiden (Netherlands), Lab. Bajas Temperaturas. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (Spain), Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA, University of Toronto, Canada; Institute for Surface Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine, Brookhaven National Lab, USA, Uppsala Univ., U.C. San Diego, Univ. of Michigan, Max Planck Institute for CPFS, D-01187 Dresden, Germany, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, B.C., V5A-1S6, Canada, Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Japan, ReCOE \& School of Physics, Seoul National University, Korea, AIST, JST ERATO-SSS, Univ. of Tokyo, Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, School of Physics and Center for Strongly Correlated Materials Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA, Basic Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, 305-350, Korea, ReCOE and School of Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, Korea, Ames Laboratory and Department of Physics, Iowa State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering K-JIST, University of Seoul, Synchrotron Radiation Center, Oak Ridge National Lab., Univ. of Tennessee, Chonnam National Univ., Pohang Accelerator Lab., Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, Lab. Akoestiek en Thermische Fysica, Dept. Natuurkunde en Sterrenkunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Dept. of Physics and Center for Soft Matter Research, New York University, New York, NY 10003, Dept. of Physics, James Franck Institute and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, Department of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Boston University, Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland, Weizmann Institute of Science, Institute of Physics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont TX, University of Zurich, Max-Planck-Institutee for Solid State Research, DuPont Central Research, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, University of California, Los Angeles, Service de Physique Theorique, CE-Saclay, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Physics, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cambridge, UK, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Materials Science and Eng., Univ. of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Sciences Div., Fox Chase Cancer Center, William I. Fine Theoretical Physics Institute, University of Minnesota, Osaka University, CREST, JST, Risø National Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Clemson University, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Universidade Federal de MInas Gerais, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Material Research, Germany, University of California, Berkeley, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, UFRJ, Brazil, UC Berkeley and LBNL, Dept.of Applied Physics, Yale Univ., Chemistry Dept., Rice Univ., Humboldt University Berlin, Germany, NHMFL, Florida State Univ., NHMFL, Los Alamos National Lab, LNCMP, Toulouse, France, Dept. of Elec. \& Comp. Engineering, Rice Univ., The Rowland Institute at Harvard, 100 Edwin H. Land Blvd., Cambridge, MA 02142, The Rowland Institute at Harvard, Institut Romand de Recherche Numerique en Physique des Materiaux, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, School of Physics Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0430, Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Tohoku University, Japan, Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Texas at Austin, Dept. of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Physikdepartment E13, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany, Theoretische Physik, Universit{\"a}t Paderborn, University of Northern Iowa, University of Connecticut, Department of Physics, Astronomy \& Geosciences, Towson University, Institut f\"ur Experimentelle Physik 45117 Essen, Germany Institut f\"ur Experimentelle Physik 45117 Essen, Germany, Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J1, Canada, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Lucent Technologies, Department of Electronics and Mechanical Engineering, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan, Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, University of Regensburg, Michigan State Univ., Dartmouth College, University of California, Merced, Physics Dept., Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0030, Univ. of Cincinnati, $Univ.$ $of$ $Missouri$, $Univ.$ $of$ $Cincinnati$, North Carolina State University, Raleigh and ORNL, Oak Ridge, ORNL, Oak Ridge, Hewlett-Parkard Laboratories, Yonsei University, (Institute of Solid State Physics, Chernogolovka, Russia), (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), Institute of Materials Science, Univ. of Tsukuba, University of Tsukuba, Applied Superconductivity Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, University of California , San Diego, University of California at Davis, Carnegie Geophysical Laboratory and Advanced Photon Source (HPCAT), UNLV and HiPSEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-3110, Wright Patterson AFB, Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Physics Dept., Texas A\&M Univ., College Station, TX, Institute of Physics, Acad. of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic, Physics Dept. Univ. at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, Univ. of Notre Dame and Inst. of Physics, Polish Acad. of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland, Univ. of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Materials and Engineering Physics Program, Ames Laboratory, DRECAM/SPCSI, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France, Physics Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Universitat Aut\`onoma de Barcelona, Spain, University of Illinois, Chicago, Forschungszentrum J\"ulich (ISG3), Germany, IPICyT, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, U. de Santiago de Chile, Pontificia U. Católica de Chile, C.E.A. Saclay, France, Seagate Research, Pittsburgh, SPINTEC (CNRS/CEA), 17 Av. Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, LETI/D2NT, 17 Av. Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University of Minnesota, Department of Physics, Penn State University, Physics Dept., UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA, Advanced Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Center for High Performance Computing, University of Utah, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Department of Physics, Universit\"at Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany, Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, Ohio 44272, Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, U. Toronto and U.C. Berkeley, U. Toronto, Xavier University and MARC Program, The Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000, Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program and the Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, University of Nevada, Reno, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Carleton University, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, University of Akron, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Athens, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Chemistry, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, Department of Polymer Science, Peking University, P. R. China, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Pohang U. of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, Yale, Department of Physics, Eastern Michigan University, Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, Department of Physics, University of Reading, Reading, UK, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Dept. of Mech. Eng., The Univ. of Tokyo, Dept. of Elec.~\& Comp. Engineering, Rice Univ., Institution fuer Schichten und Grenzflaechen, University of Illinois, Sony Corporation, Mizuho Information \& Research Institute, Inc., LBNL, Berkeley, and UC-Davis, City U. Hong Kong, UW-Seattle, City U. Hong Kong, and Zhongshan U., LPT, Universite Paris-Sud and School of Informatics, Indiana University, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, CEA, Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, LPT, Universite Paris-Sud, Physics Department, Babes-Boyai Univ., 3400 Cluj Napoca, Romania, Physics Department, Philipps Univ., 35032 Marburg, Germany, UC Berkeley, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, UIC Physics Department, ESRF, Grenoble, APS-ANL, Argonne, PSI-SINQ, Villigen, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain, LBNL, Berkeley, and UC-Berkeley, LBNL, Berkeley, Mat. Sci. Program, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, Nanocenter, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, Benedict College, Columbia, SC, Masaryk University, Brno, Physics Department, Texas Tech University, Grenoble High Magnetic Field Labs - CNRS/MPI, Max-Planck-Institut for Condensed Matter Physics, Princeton University, USA, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, Cavendish Laboratory, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom, Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, National Measurement Laboratory, Center for Measurement Standards, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea, Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, Columbia Univ. and Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies, Univ. of Florida and NHMFL, University of Bremen, Quantum Sensors Project, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, Freescale Semiconductor, Univ. Tenn. at Knoxville and ORNL, Pontificia Universidade Cat\'olica do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Department of Physics, Oakland University, Department of Physics, FLorida State Univeristy and ORNL, Univ. Tenn.-Knoxville, FSU - FL, PUC-RJ-Brasil, Weizmann Institute, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft Unversity of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, Northern Illinois University, Osaka Institute of Technology, School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Univ. of Leeds, UK, Cavendish Laboratory, Univ. of Cambridge, UK, Universite Paris VII, France, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, TU Delft, The Netherlands, Sandia National Labs, Univ. of Toronto, Canada, Nuclear Medicine Department, SUNY Buffalo, NY 14260, Dept. of Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, Institute for Superconductivity at University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, Naval Academy Preparatory School, Newport RI, Argon National Laboratory, Department of Advancec Materials Science, University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Chiba, Japan, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, AIST, 1-1-1 Central 2, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, Stanford Univ., Rutgers State Univ. and Brookhaven National Laboratory, Nat. Metrology Inst. of Japan, AIST, Polish Academy of Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, University of Hamburg, Germany, Lyman Laboratory of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, Computational Materials Science Center, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan, SISSA \& DEMOCRITOS National Simulation Center, Italy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, INESC-MN, Rua Alves Redol 9, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal, *Present address: Department of Physics, Tongji Univ., Shanghai ,Chaina, Chemical Eng and Materials Sci, Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, Univ of Minnesota, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0850, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1106, Argonne Nat'l. Lab, Ames laboratory USDOE and Iowa State University

  • Luc Berger

    California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, Department of Physics \& Astronomy, Rutgers University, Argonne National Lab, University of Central Florida, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Materials Science Division and Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Laboratoire de Physique Quantique - ESPCI - Paris, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Center for Materials Research and Analysis, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands, Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering, Lenin ave. 47, Kharkov 61103, Ukraine, School of Polymer, Textile and Fiber Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Advanced Research in Optical Microscopy (CAROM), Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universit\`a di Trieste, Italy, Dept. of Physics, SUNY at Albany, NY, Central Dept. of Physics, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, University of Cambridge, ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Harvard University, Delft University of Technology, Department of Chemstry, Sogang University, Department of Physics, Sogang University, Columbia Univ, Bell Labs, Columbia Univ, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, UCSD, University of Minnesota, California Institute of Technology, Texas Tech University, Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science and Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, SORST-JST ; NEC, Tsukuba; Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan, SORST-JST c/o Cancer Institute Tokyo, Japan, LPS University Paris-Sud, France ; JST-SORST, Tsukuba, Japan, JST-SORST, JST-SORST Tsukuba, Japan, SORST-JST Tsukuba, NEC Tsukuba, Meijo University Nagoya, Japan, LPS - University Paris-Sud - France, SORST-JST, Tsukuba, Japan, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR 8502 - University Paris-Sud - France ; SORST-JST Tsukuba, Japan, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, Northwestern University, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Institute of Physical Chemistry,Romania, Tohoku University, University of Tokyo, Universit\'e Paris-Sud, University of Tennessee, NIST Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, MD, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary, Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest, Hungary, Department of Materials, University of Oxford, UK, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of London, UK, NHMFL, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, UK, UKAEA Culham Division, Culham Science Center, UK, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, UK, National Institute for Materials Science, Dept of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Dept of Physics \& Astronomy, Northwestern University, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Universitat de Barcelona, UCLA, Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Department of Physics, University of Tennessee and ORNL, Edward L. 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California, San Diego, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Materials, Physics, and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Departments, University of California, Santa Barbara California, Dept of Physics, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, Trinity College Dublin., Advanced Light Source, LBNL, Inorganic Chemistry Lab., Oxford University, CHESS-Cornell, UNICAT-UIUC-FSMRL, U-Tenn. and ORNL, U-Tenn., IBM, NHMFL, Bell Labs, Lucents Technologies, Univ. of Maryland at College Park, Dept. of Physics and Applied Physics, Yale Univ., New Haven, CT 06520, B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering, Kharkov, Ukraine, TU Delft, The Netherlands, TU Delft / Michigan State U., IBM Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, Department of Chemistry, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX 77843, Dept. of Chemistry and The Nanoscience Center, Columbia University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, Physics department and New York State Center for Advanced Technology in Photonics Applications, Brooklyn College of CUNY, The Clorox Company, Yamanashi Univ, Hokkaido Univ, National Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO, Departement de Physique, Universite de Montreal , Montreal, PQ, Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Physics and Astronomy, Dept. of Materials Science, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Ca 94720 and M.R.S.E.C., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, Agilent Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA 94304, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, Dept. Materials Science, Univ. of California and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, Iowa State, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, Univ. of Michigan, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Michigan, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Univ. of Michigan, Jordi Associates, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, University of Michigan, University of Texas - El Paso, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan., Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan., Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611., Center for Superconductivity Research, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA., Kent State University, (NHMFL, Los Alamos National Laboratory), (Central Reserch Institute of Electric Power Industry, Japan), ISSP Univ. of Tokyo, Nagoya Univ., Osaka Univ., Kyoto Univ., CSR, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, Department of Physics, Penn State, University Park, PA, Physics Dept., Pohang University, Korea, NHMFL, Los Alamos, NM, Physics Dept., Caltech, Pasadena, CA, Vrije University of Amsterdam, University of Wisconsin, Argonne National Laboratory, *also Northern Illinois University, LLNL, Livermore, Ca 94551, Dept of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, GHMFL-CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, F38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Sengban Patent \& Science Laboratory, Albany, NY 12205, Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Nanjing University, Chinese Academy of Science, Physics Department, Harvard University, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Idaho, University of Ioannina, Greece, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan ROC, Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan , ROC, Department of Photonics, National Chiao TUNG University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC, Institute of Physics, National Chiao TUNG University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC, Department of Materials science, National Chiao TUNG University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Lab, Center for Materials Research and Analysis and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Univ. of Nebraska, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, University of Science and Technology of China, Dept of Phys, Univ of Ill at Urbana-Champaign, Dept of Phys, Univ of Ill at Chicago, Adv Photon Source, ANL, Univeristy of Copenhagen, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, Department of Physics, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, AMES LABORATORY OF US DOE, Department of PHYSICS \& ASTRONOMY, Iowa State University, Ames IA 50011, Physics Department, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 560-759, Korea, Ohio Aerospace Institute, Cleveland, OH 44142, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany-SUNY, Advisor, Randolph-Macon Woman's College, Lynchburg, VA, Centro At\'omico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, Comisión Nacional de Energ\'ia At\'omica, Argentina, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA, Argonne National Laboratory, USA, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA, University of California Irvine, USA, Ames Laboratory and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames Laboratory and Dept. of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Vereshchagin Institute for High Pressure Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142190 Troitsk, Moscow region, Russia, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York 11973, CEA-Grenoble, France, ISSP, Univ. of Tokyo, Japan, JASRI, Japan, Dept. of Physics, Osaka Univ., Japan, Dept. of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan Univ., Japan, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 32310, Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Texas Center for Superconductivity and Advanced Materials, University of Houston, University of Fribourg, Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Inst., Utrecht University, The Netherlands, Tel Aviv University, Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Princeton Univ., University of California, University of California - Santa Barbara, Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Physics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, Lehrstuhl f\"ur Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universit\"at Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany, University of Iowa, Dept. of Physics, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, and Research Lab. of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, University of Missouri, University of Massachusetts, Lowell MA 01854-5047, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210-1106, Kagoshima University, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, Dept. of Physics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville, KY, (MIT), (Tohoku University and CREST JST, 980-8578, Sendai Japan), (Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear – CDTN/CNEN, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil), (Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University), UFMG, Brazil, Tohoku University and CREST JST, Japan, Tohoku U. and CREST JST, Japan, UFRJ, Brazil, Phys. Dept., Harvard Univ., Department of Physics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA., Department of Physics and Division of Engineering, Brown University, Department of Physics, Queen's University, Canada, Physics, MIT, Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Department of Physics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Linclon, NE 68588, Department of Physics, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE 68182, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC 20375, Kalamazoo College and KFKI Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kalamazoo College, Departament de Fisica i Enginyeria Nuclear, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain, Departamento de Fisica, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Lab, Physics Department, Cornell University, Harvard Division of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard Physics, Naval Research Lab, Washington, DC, Physics Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Division of Dermatology, University of British Columbia, Department of Cancer Imaging, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Queen's University, ON, Canada, Yale University, CT, Texas Tech Chemical Engineering Dept., Cal Poly Physics Department, San Luis Obispo, Cal Poly Chemistry Dept. San Luis Obispo, The Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8202, NanoScience Simulation Laboratory, Department of Physics, Fu Jen University, Dept. of Physics, Yeung-Nam University, Taegu, S. Korea, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China, University of South Florida, Jacksonville State University, Dept of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Rolla, USA, Dept of Physics, University of South-Florida, USA, Dept of Physics, University of Liege, Belgium, Department of Physics, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, University of California, Berkeley, Cornell University, CRIPEI, CERC (AIST), AIST-Tsukuba, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chernogolovka, Russia, Superconductivity Research Laboratory, ISTEC, Japan, Department of Physics, Pohang University, Korea, Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, USA, Hebrew University, Department of Physics and Department of Electrical Engineering, Michigan Tech University, Houghton, MI 49931, Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, A.F. Ioffe Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, A. F. Ioffe Institute, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia, Physics Department, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University Regensburg, Oak Ridge Nat. Lab., Univ. Cincinnati, Univ. North Dakota, Univ. Cincinnati, Oak Ridge Nat. Lab., Dept. of Physics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Univ. of North Dakota, Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, Department of Physics \& Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Paul Scherrer Institut WHGA/123 CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia, U. Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Ames Lab, President of the National Society of Black Physicists, Physics Department, University of Maryland, CASC, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Yokoyama Nano-structured LC Project, ERATO; LC Nanosystem, SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Center for Materials Research, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA, Centre for Electronic Materials and Devices, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Physics and UniS Material Institute, University of Surrey, NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Dept of Materials Sc. \& Engg, GIST, Gwangju, Korea, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, Bartlesville, OK 74004, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Institut Curie-Section de Recherche, LBNL-ALS, SJSU, Ames Laboratory, SRI International, IRRMA - EPFL, Lausanne, UC Irvine, California, Amherst College, LBNL and University of California, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, Commissariat d'Energie Atomique, DRFMC/SPSMS/LCP, Grenoble, France, Department of Physics, National Changhua University of Education, University California, Los Angeles, Dongguk University (KOREA), Chungbuk National University (KOREA), LPCES, Universit\'e Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Air Force Research Lab (AFRL/VSSS), National Sun Yat-sen University, CMS/ITRI, Division of Materials Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea, Department of Physics, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea, Department of Physics, Mokwon University, Taejeon, Korea, Institute of Physics \& Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, IICO, UASLP, Fac. Ingenieria Quimica, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Institute of Optoelectronic Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, Unidad Queretaro. Cinvestav-IPN, Department of Chemistry, Kyoto University, Japan, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Japan, Nagoya University, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, Fac. Ciencias. Qu\'imicas., BUAP, Rowan University, Towson University, MD, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Myongji University, Grad School of Science and Technology / Niigata Univ., IPAPS / UCSD, Tata Institute, India, Univ. of Tokyo, Japan, Institut f\"ur Experimentalphysik, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany, Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, the University of Chicago, Department of Physics, Myongji University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Myongji University, Delphi Research Lab, Shelby Township, MI, St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Northrop Grumman-Synoptics, Charlotte NC 28273, Department of Physics and Engineering, Sweet Briar VA 24595, Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia LV-0163, Northeastern Univ., Boston, MA, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, LabSem-CETUC. PUC-Rio. Brasil, Dept of Physics, University of Arkansas, Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Guilford College, The College of Wooster, Materials Department and ECE Department, UCSB, Materials Department, UCSB, ECE Department, UCSB, Argonne, Université de Metz, France, APS ,Argonne National Laboratory, Advanced Photon Source ,Argonne National Laboratory, CHESS, Cornell University, Ford Motor Co, Department of Physics, New York University, Metals and Ceramics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, Center for Simulational Physics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, MS\&E Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Bartol Research Institute, Universtiy of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, Institute of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, Materials Science Department, Ris{\o} National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, Materials Science Division, ANL, U. of California, San Diego, Advanced Photon Source, ANL, MST-NHMFL, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA, Dep. of Phys. and Astron., University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4575, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Center for Computational Material Science, University of Vienna - Austria, Institut fuer Materialphysik, Center for Computational Material Science, University of Vienna - Austria, Ames Laboratory$^1$, Matrials Science and Engineering$^2$, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy$^3$, Iowa State University, Kamerling Onnes Lab. Universiteit Leiden (Netherlands), Lab. Bajas Temperaturas. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (Spain), Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA, University of Toronto, Canada; Institute for Surface Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine, Brookhaven National Lab, USA, Uppsala Univ., U.C. San Diego, Univ. of Michigan, Max Planck Institute for CPFS, D-01187 Dresden, Germany, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, B.C., V5A-1S6, Canada, Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Japan, ReCOE \& School of Physics, Seoul National University, Korea, AIST, JST ERATO-SSS, Univ. of Tokyo, Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, School of Physics and Center for Strongly Correlated Materials Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA, Basic Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, 305-350, Korea, ReCOE and School of Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, Korea, Ames Laboratory and Department of Physics, Iowa State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering K-JIST, University of Seoul, Synchrotron Radiation Center, Oak Ridge National Lab., Univ. of Tennessee, Chonnam National Univ., Pohang Accelerator Lab., Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, Lab. Akoestiek en Thermische Fysica, Dept. Natuurkunde en Sterrenkunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Dept. of Physics and Center for Soft Matter Research, New York University, New York, NY 10003, Dept. of Physics, James Franck Institute and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, Department of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Boston University, Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland, Weizmann Institute of Science, Institute of Physics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont TX, University of Zurich, Max-Planck-Institutee for Solid State Research, DuPont Central Research, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, University of California, Los Angeles, Service de Physique Theorique, CE-Saclay, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Physics, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cambridge, UK, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Materials Science and Eng., Univ. of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Sciences Div., Fox Chase Cancer Center, William I. Fine Theoretical Physics Institute, University of Minnesota, Osaka University, CREST, JST, Risø National Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Clemson University, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Universidade Federal de MInas Gerais, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Material Research, Germany, University of California, Berkeley, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, UFRJ, Brazil, UC Berkeley and LBNL, Dept.of Applied Physics, Yale Univ., Chemistry Dept., Rice Univ., Humboldt University Berlin, Germany, NHMFL, Florida State Univ., NHMFL, Los Alamos National Lab, LNCMP, Toulouse, France, Dept. of Elec. \& Comp. Engineering, Rice Univ., The Rowland Institute at Harvard, 100 Edwin H. Land Blvd., Cambridge, MA 02142, The Rowland Institute at Harvard, Institut Romand de Recherche Numerique en Physique des Materiaux, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, School of Physics Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0430, Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Tohoku University, Japan, Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Texas at Austin, Dept. of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Physikdepartment E13, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany, Theoretische Physik, Universit{\"a}t Paderborn, University of Northern Iowa, University of Connecticut, Department of Physics, Astronomy \& Geosciences, Towson University, Institut f\"ur Experimentelle Physik 45117 Essen, Germany Institut f\"ur Experimentelle Physik 45117 Essen, Germany, Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J1, Canada, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Lucent Technologies, Department of Electronics and Mechanical Engineering, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan, Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, University of Regensburg, Michigan State Univ., Dartmouth College, University of California, Merced, Physics Dept., Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0030, Univ. of Cincinnati, $Univ.$ $of$ $Missouri$, $Univ.$ $of$ $Cincinnati$, North Carolina State University, Raleigh and ORNL, Oak Ridge, ORNL, Oak Ridge, Hewlett-Parkard Laboratories, Yonsei University, (Institute of Solid State Physics, Chernogolovka, Russia), (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), Institute of Materials Science, Univ. of Tsukuba, University of Tsukuba, Applied Superconductivity Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, University of California , San Diego, University of California at Davis, Carnegie Geophysical Laboratory and Advanced Photon Source (HPCAT), UNLV and HiPSEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-3110, Wright Patterson AFB, Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Physics Dept., Texas A\&M Univ., College Station, TX, Institute of Physics, Acad. of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic, Physics Dept. Univ. at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, Univ. of Notre Dame and Inst. of Physics, Polish Acad. of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland, Univ. of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Materials and Engineering Physics Program, Ames Laboratory, DRECAM/SPCSI, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France, Physics Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Universitat Aut\`onoma de Barcelona, Spain, University of Illinois, Chicago, Forschungszentrum J\"ulich (ISG3), Germany, IPICyT, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, U. de Santiago de Chile, Pontificia U. Católica de Chile, C.E.A. Saclay, France, Seagate Research, Pittsburgh, SPINTEC (CNRS/CEA), 17 Av. Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, LETI/D2NT, 17 Av. Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University of Minnesota, Department of Physics, Penn State University, Physics Dept., UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA, Advanced Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Center for High Performance Computing, University of Utah, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Department of Physics, Universit\"at Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany, Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, Ohio 44272, Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, U. Toronto and U.C. Berkeley, U. Toronto, Xavier University and MARC Program, The Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000, Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program and the Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, University of Nevada, Reno, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Carleton University, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, University of Akron, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Athens, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Chemistry, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, Department of Polymer Science, Peking University, P. R. China, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Pohang U. of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, Yale, Department of Physics, Eastern Michigan University, Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, Department of Physics, University of Reading, Reading, UK, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Dept. of Mech. Eng., The Univ. of Tokyo, Dept. of Elec.~\& Comp. Engineering, Rice Univ., Institution fuer Schichten und Grenzflaechen, University of Illinois, Sony Corporation, Mizuho Information \& Research Institute, Inc., LBNL, Berkeley, and UC-Davis, City U. Hong Kong, UW-Seattle, City U. Hong Kong, and Zhongshan U., LPT, Universite Paris-Sud and School of Informatics, Indiana University, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, CEA, Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, LPT, Universite Paris-Sud, Physics Department, Babes-Boyai Univ., 3400 Cluj Napoca, Romania, Physics Department, Philipps Univ., 35032 Marburg, Germany, UC Berkeley, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, UIC Physics Department, ESRF, Grenoble, APS-ANL, Argonne, PSI-SINQ, Villigen, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain, LBNL, Berkeley, and UC-Berkeley, LBNL, Berkeley, Mat. Sci. Program, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, Nanocenter, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, Benedict College, Columbia, SC, Masaryk University, Brno, Physics Department, Texas Tech University, Grenoble High Magnetic Field Labs - CNRS/MPI, Max-Planck-Institut for Condensed Matter Physics, Princeton University, USA, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, Cavendish Laboratory, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom, Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, National Measurement Laboratory, Center for Measurement Standards, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea, Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, Columbia Univ. and Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies, Univ. of Florida and NHMFL, University of Bremen, Quantum Sensors Project, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, Freescale Semiconductor, Univ. Tenn. at Knoxville and ORNL, Pontificia Universidade Cat\'olica do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Department of Physics, Oakland University, Department of Physics, FLorida State Univeristy and ORNL, Univ. Tenn.-Knoxville, FSU - FL, PUC-RJ-Brasil, Weizmann Institute, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft Unversity of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, Northern Illinois University, Osaka Institute of Technology, School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Univ. of Leeds, UK, Cavendish Laboratory, Univ. of Cambridge, UK, Universite Paris VII, France, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, TU Delft, The Netherlands, Sandia National Labs, Univ. of Toronto, Canada, Nuclear Medicine Department, SUNY Buffalo, NY 14260, Dept. of Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, Institute for Superconductivity at University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, Naval Academy Preparatory School, Newport RI, Argon National Laboratory, Department of Advancec Materials Science, University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Chiba, Japan, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, AIST, 1-1-1 Central 2, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, Stanford Univ., Rutgers State Univ. and Brookhaven National Laboratory, Nat. Metrology Inst. of Japan, AIST, Polish Academy of Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, University of Hamburg, Germany, Lyman Laboratory of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, Computational Materials Science Center, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan, SISSA \& DEMOCRITOS National Simulation Center, Italy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, INESC-MN, Rua Alves Redol 9, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal, *Present address: Department of Physics, Tongji Univ., Shanghai ,Chaina, Chemical Eng and Materials Sci, Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, Univ of Minnesota, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0850, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1106, Argonne Nat'l. Lab, Ames laboratory USDOE and Iowa State University

  • Luc Berger

    California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, Department of Physics \& Astronomy, Rutgers University, Argonne National Lab, University of Central Florida, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Materials Science Division and Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Laboratoire de Physique Quantique - ESPCI - Paris, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Center for Materials Research and Analysis, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands, Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering, Lenin ave. 47, Kharkov 61103, Ukraine, School of Polymer, Textile and Fiber Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Advanced Research in Optical Microscopy (CAROM), Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universit\`a di Trieste, Italy, Dept. of Physics, SUNY at Albany, NY, Central Dept. of Physics, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, University of Cambridge, ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Harvard University, Delft University of Technology, Department of Chemstry, Sogang University, Department of Physics, Sogang University, Columbia Univ, Bell Labs, Columbia Univ, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, UCSD, University of Minnesota, California Institute of Technology, Texas Tech University, Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science and Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, SORST-JST ; NEC, Tsukuba; Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan, SORST-JST c/o Cancer Institute Tokyo, Japan, LPS University Paris-Sud, France ; JST-SORST, Tsukuba, Japan, JST-SORST, JST-SORST Tsukuba, Japan, SORST-JST Tsukuba, NEC Tsukuba, Meijo University Nagoya, Japan, LPS - University Paris-Sud - France, SORST-JST, Tsukuba, Japan, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR 8502 - University Paris-Sud - France ; SORST-JST Tsukuba, Japan, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, Northwestern University, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Institute of Physical Chemistry,Romania, Tohoku University, University of Tokyo, Universit\'e Paris-Sud, University of Tennessee, NIST Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, MD, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary, Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest, Hungary, Department of Materials, University of Oxford, UK, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of London, UK, NHMFL, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, UK, UKAEA Culham Division, Culham Science Center, UK, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, UK, National Institute for Materials Science, Dept of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Dept of Physics \& Astronomy, Northwestern University, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Universitat de Barcelona, UCLA, Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Department of Physics, University of Tennessee and ORNL, Edward L. 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California, San Diego, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Materials, Physics, and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Departments, University of California, Santa Barbara California, Dept of Physics, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, Trinity College Dublin., Advanced Light Source, LBNL, Inorganic Chemistry Lab., Oxford University, CHESS-Cornell, UNICAT-UIUC-FSMRL, U-Tenn. and ORNL, U-Tenn., IBM, NHMFL, Bell Labs, Lucents Technologies, Univ. of Maryland at College Park, Dept. of Physics and Applied Physics, Yale Univ., New Haven, CT 06520, B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering, Kharkov, Ukraine, TU Delft, The Netherlands, TU Delft / Michigan State U., IBM Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, Department of Chemistry, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX 77843, Dept. of Chemistry and The Nanoscience Center, Columbia University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, Physics department and New York State Center for Advanced Technology in Photonics Applications, Brooklyn College of CUNY, The Clorox Company, Yamanashi Univ, Hokkaido Univ, National Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO, Departement de Physique, Universite de Montreal , Montreal, PQ, Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Physics and Astronomy, Dept. of Materials Science, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Ca 94720 and M.R.S.E.C., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, Agilent Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA 94304, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, Dept. Materials Science, Univ. of California and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, Iowa State, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, Univ. of Michigan, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Michigan, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Univ. of Michigan, Jordi Associates, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, University of Michigan, University of Texas - El Paso, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan., Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan., Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611., Center for Superconductivity Research, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA., Kent State University, (NHMFL, Los Alamos National Laboratory), (Central Reserch Institute of Electric Power Industry, Japan), ISSP Univ. of Tokyo, Nagoya Univ., Osaka Univ., Kyoto Univ., CSR, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, Department of Physics, Penn State, University Park, PA, Physics Dept., Pohang University, Korea, NHMFL, Los Alamos, NM, Physics Dept., Caltech, Pasadena, CA, Vrije University of Amsterdam, University of Wisconsin, Argonne National Laboratory, *also Northern Illinois University, LLNL, Livermore, Ca 94551, Dept of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, GHMFL-CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, F38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Sengban Patent \& Science Laboratory, Albany, NY 12205, Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Nanjing University, Chinese Academy of Science, Physics Department, Harvard University, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Idaho, University of Ioannina, Greece, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan ROC, Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan , ROC, Department of Photonics, National Chiao TUNG University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC, Institute of Physics, National Chiao TUNG University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC, Department of Materials science, National Chiao TUNG University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Lab, Center for Materials Research and Analysis and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Univ. of Nebraska, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, University of Science and Technology of China, Dept of Phys, Univ of Ill at Urbana-Champaign, Dept of Phys, Univ of Ill at Chicago, Adv Photon Source, ANL, Univeristy of Copenhagen, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, Department of Physics, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, AMES LABORATORY OF US DOE, Department of PHYSICS \& ASTRONOMY, Iowa State University, Ames IA 50011, Physics Department, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 560-759, Korea, Ohio Aerospace Institute, Cleveland, OH 44142, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany-SUNY, Advisor, Randolph-Macon Woman's College, Lynchburg, VA, Centro At\'omico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, Comisión Nacional de Energ\'ia At\'omica, Argentina, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA, Argonne National Laboratory, USA, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA, University of California Irvine, USA, Ames Laboratory and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames Laboratory and Dept. of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Vereshchagin Institute for High Pressure Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142190 Troitsk, Moscow region, Russia, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York 11973, CEA-Grenoble, France, ISSP, Univ. of Tokyo, Japan, JASRI, Japan, Dept. of Physics, Osaka Univ., Japan, Dept. of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan Univ., Japan, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 32310, Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Texas Center for Superconductivity and Advanced Materials, University of Houston, University of Fribourg, Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Inst., Utrecht University, The Netherlands, Tel Aviv University, Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Princeton Univ., University of California, University of California - Santa Barbara, Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Physics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, Lehrstuhl f\"ur Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universit\"at Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany, University of Iowa, Dept. of Physics, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, and Research Lab. of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, University of Missouri, University of Massachusetts, Lowell MA 01854-5047, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210-1106, Kagoshima University, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, Dept. of Physics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville, KY, (MIT), (Tohoku University and CREST JST, 980-8578, Sendai Japan), (Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear – CDTN/CNEN, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil), (Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University), UFMG, Brazil, Tohoku University and CREST JST, Japan, Tohoku U. and CREST JST, Japan, UFRJ, Brazil, Phys. Dept., Harvard Univ., Department of Physics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA., Department of Physics and Division of Engineering, Brown University, Department of Physics, Queen's University, Canada, Physics, MIT, Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Department of Physics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Linclon, NE 68588, Department of Physics, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE 68182, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC 20375, Kalamazoo College and KFKI Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kalamazoo College, Departament de Fisica i Enginyeria Nuclear, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain, Departamento de Fisica, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Lab, Physics Department, Cornell University, Harvard Division of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard Physics, Naval Research Lab, Washington, DC, Physics Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Division of Dermatology, University of British Columbia, Department of Cancer Imaging, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Queen's University, ON, Canada, Yale University, CT, Texas Tech Chemical Engineering Dept., Cal Poly Physics Department, San Luis Obispo, Cal Poly Chemistry Dept. San Luis Obispo, The Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8202, NanoScience Simulation Laboratory, Department of Physics, Fu Jen University, Dept. of Physics, Yeung-Nam University, Taegu, S. Korea, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China, University of South Florida, Jacksonville State University, Dept of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Rolla, USA, Dept of Physics, University of South-Florida, USA, Dept of Physics, University of Liege, Belgium, Department of Physics, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, University of California, Berkeley, Cornell University, CRIPEI, CERC (AIST), AIST-Tsukuba, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chernogolovka, Russia, Superconductivity Research Laboratory, ISTEC, Japan, Department of Physics, Pohang University, Korea, Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, USA, Hebrew University, Department of Physics and Department of Electrical Engineering, Michigan Tech University, Houghton, MI 49931, Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, A.F. Ioffe Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, A. F. Ioffe Institute, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia, Physics Department, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University Regensburg, Oak Ridge Nat. Lab., Univ. Cincinnati, Univ. North Dakota, Univ. Cincinnati, Oak Ridge Nat. Lab., Dept. of Physics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Univ. of North Dakota, Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, Department of Physics \& Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Paul Scherrer Institut WHGA/123 CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia, U. Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Ames Lab, President of the National Society of Black Physicists, Physics Department, University of Maryland, CASC, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Yokoyama Nano-structured LC Project, ERATO; LC Nanosystem, SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Center for Materials Research, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA, Centre for Electronic Materials and Devices, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Physics and UniS Material Institute, University of Surrey, NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Dept of Materials Sc. \& Engg, GIST, Gwangju, Korea, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, Bartlesville, OK 74004, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Institut Curie-Section de Recherche, LBNL-ALS, SJSU, Ames Laboratory, SRI International, IRRMA - EPFL, Lausanne, UC Irvine, California, Amherst College, LBNL and University of California, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, Commissariat d'Energie Atomique, DRFMC/SPSMS/LCP, Grenoble, France, Department of Physics, National Changhua University of Education, University California, Los Angeles, Dongguk University (KOREA), Chungbuk National University (KOREA), LPCES, Universit\'e Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Air Force Research Lab (AFRL/VSSS), National Sun Yat-sen University, CMS/ITRI, Division of Materials Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea, Department of Physics, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea, Department of Physics, Mokwon University, Taejeon, Korea, Institute of Physics \& Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, IICO, UASLP, Fac. Ingenieria Quimica, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Institute of Optoelectronic Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, Unidad Queretaro. Cinvestav-IPN, Department of Chemistry, Kyoto University, Japan, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Japan, Nagoya University, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, Fac. Ciencias. Qu\'imicas., BUAP, Rowan University, Towson University, MD, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Myongji University, Grad School of Science and Technology / Niigata Univ., IPAPS / UCSD, Tata Institute, India, Univ. of Tokyo, Japan, Institut f\"ur Experimentalphysik, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany, Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, the University of Chicago, Department of Physics, Myongji University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Myongji University, Delphi Research Lab, Shelby Township, MI, St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Northrop Grumman-Synoptics, Charlotte NC 28273, Department of Physics and Engineering, Sweet Briar VA 24595, Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia LV-0163, Northeastern Univ., Boston, MA, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, LabSem-CETUC. PUC-Rio. Brasil, Dept of Physics, University of Arkansas, Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Guilford College, The College of Wooster, Materials Department and ECE Department, UCSB, Materials Department, UCSB, ECE Department, UCSB, Argonne, Université de Metz, France, APS ,Argonne National Laboratory, Advanced Photon Source ,Argonne National Laboratory, CHESS, Cornell University, Ford Motor Co, Department of Physics, New York University, Metals and Ceramics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, Center for Simulational Physics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, MS\&E Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Bartol Research Institute, Universtiy of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, Institute of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, Materials Science Department, Ris{\o} National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, Materials Science Division, ANL, U. of California, San Diego, Advanced Photon Source, ANL, MST-NHMFL, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA, Dep. of Phys. and Astron., University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4575, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Center for Computational Material Science, University of Vienna - Austria, Institut fuer Materialphysik, Center for Computational Material Science, University of Vienna - Austria, Ames Laboratory$^1$, Matrials Science and Engineering$^2$, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy$^3$, Iowa State University, Kamerling Onnes Lab. Universiteit Leiden (Netherlands), Lab. Bajas Temperaturas. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (Spain), Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA, University of Toronto, Canada; Institute for Surface Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine, Brookhaven National Lab, USA, Uppsala Univ., U.C. San Diego, Univ. of Michigan, Max Planck Institute for CPFS, D-01187 Dresden, Germany, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, B.C., V5A-1S6, Canada, Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Japan, ReCOE \& School of Physics, Seoul National University, Korea, AIST, JST ERATO-SSS, Univ. of Tokyo, Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, School of Physics and Center for Strongly Correlated Materials Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA, Basic Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, 305-350, Korea, ReCOE and School of Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, Korea, Ames Laboratory and Department of Physics, Iowa State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering K-JIST, University of Seoul, Synchrotron Radiation Center, Oak Ridge National Lab., Univ. of Tennessee, Chonnam National Univ., Pohang Accelerator Lab., Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, Lab. Akoestiek en Thermische Fysica, Dept. Natuurkunde en Sterrenkunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Dept. of Physics and Center for Soft Matter Research, New York University, New York, NY 10003, Dept. of Physics, James Franck Institute and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, Department of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Boston University, Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland, Weizmann Institute of Science, Institute of Physics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont TX, University of Zurich, Max-Planck-Institutee for Solid State Research, DuPont Central Research, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, University of California, Los Angeles, Service de Physique Theorique, CE-Saclay, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Physics, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cambridge, UK, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Materials Science and Eng., Univ. of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Sciences Div., Fox Chase Cancer Center, William I. Fine Theoretical Physics Institute, University of Minnesota, Osaka University, CREST, JST, Risø National Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Clemson University, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Universidade Federal de MInas Gerais, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Material Research, Germany, University of California, Berkeley, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, UFRJ, Brazil, UC Berkeley and LBNL, Dept.of Applied Physics, Yale Univ., Chemistry Dept., Rice Univ., Humboldt University Berlin, Germany, NHMFL, Florida State Univ., NHMFL, Los Alamos National Lab, LNCMP, Toulouse, France, Dept. of Elec. \& Comp. Engineering, Rice Univ., The Rowland Institute at Harvard, 100 Edwin H. Land Blvd., Cambridge, MA 02142, The Rowland Institute at Harvard, Institut Romand de Recherche Numerique en Physique des Materiaux, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, School of Physics Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0430, Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Tohoku University, Japan, Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Texas at Austin, Dept. of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Physikdepartment E13, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany, Theoretische Physik, Universit{\"a}t Paderborn, University of Northern Iowa, University of Connecticut, Department of Physics, Astronomy \& Geosciences, Towson University, Institut f\"ur Experimentelle Physik 45117 Essen, Germany Institut f\"ur Experimentelle Physik 45117 Essen, Germany, Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J1, Canada, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Lucent Technologies, Department of Electronics and Mechanical Engineering, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan, Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, University of Regensburg, Michigan State Univ., Dartmouth College, University of California, Merced, Physics Dept., Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0030, Univ. of Cincinnati, $Univ.$ $of$ $Missouri$, $Univ.$ $of$ $Cincinnati$, North Carolina State University, Raleigh and ORNL, Oak Ridge, ORNL, Oak Ridge, Hewlett-Parkard Laboratories, Yonsei University, (Institute of Solid State Physics, Chernogolovka, Russia), (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), Institute of Materials Science, Univ. of Tsukuba, University of Tsukuba, Applied Superconductivity Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, University of California , San Diego, University of California at Davis, Carnegie Geophysical Laboratory and Advanced Photon Source (HPCAT), UNLV and HiPSEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-3110, Wright Patterson AFB, Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Physics Dept., Texas A\&M Univ., College Station, TX, Institute of Physics, Acad. of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic, Physics Dept. Univ. at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, Univ. of Notre Dame and Inst. of Physics, Polish Acad. of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland, Univ. of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Materials and Engineering Physics Program, Ames Laboratory, DRECAM/SPCSI, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France, Physics Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Universitat Aut\`onoma de Barcelona, Spain, University of Illinois, Chicago, Forschungszentrum J\"ulich (ISG3), Germany, IPICyT, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, U. de Santiago de Chile, Pontificia U. Católica de Chile, C.E.A. Saclay, France, Seagate Research, Pittsburgh, SPINTEC (CNRS/CEA), 17 Av. Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, LETI/D2NT, 17 Av. Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University of Minnesota, Department of Physics, Penn State University, Physics Dept., UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA, Advanced Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Center for High Performance Computing, University of Utah, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Department of Physics, Universit\"at Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany, Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, Ohio 44272, Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, U. Toronto and U.C. Berkeley, U. Toronto, Xavier University and MARC Program, The Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000, Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program and the Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, University of Nevada, Reno, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Carleton University, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, University of Akron, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Athens, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Chemistry, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, Department of Polymer Science, Peking University, P. R. China, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Pohang U. of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, Yale, Department of Physics, Eastern Michigan University, Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, Department of Physics, University of Reading, Reading, UK, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Dept. of Mech. Eng., The Univ. of Tokyo, Dept. of Elec.~\& Comp. Engineering, Rice Univ., Institution fuer Schichten und Grenzflaechen, University of Illinois, Sony Corporation, Mizuho Information \& Research Institute, Inc., LBNL, Berkeley, and UC-Davis, City U. Hong Kong, UW-Seattle, City U. Hong Kong, and Zhongshan U., LPT, Universite Paris-Sud and School of Informatics, Indiana University, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, CEA, Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, LPT, Universite Paris-Sud, Physics Department, Babes-Boyai Univ., 3400 Cluj Napoca, Romania, Physics Department, Philipps Univ., 35032 Marburg, Germany, UC Berkeley, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, UIC Physics Department, ESRF, Grenoble, APS-ANL, Argonne, PSI-SINQ, Villigen, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain, LBNL, Berkeley, and UC-Berkeley, LBNL, Berkeley, Mat. Sci. Program, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, Nanocenter, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, Benedict College, Columbia, SC, Masaryk University, Brno, Physics Department, Texas Tech University, Grenoble High Magnetic Field Labs - CNRS/MPI, Max-Planck-Institut for Condensed Matter Physics, Princeton University, USA, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, Cavendish Laboratory, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom, Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, National Measurement Laboratory, Center for Measurement Standards, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea, Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, Columbia Univ. and Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies, Univ. of Florida and NHMFL, University of Bremen, Quantum Sensors Project, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, Freescale Semiconductor, Univ. Tenn. at Knoxville and ORNL, Pontificia Universidade Cat\'olica do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Department of Physics, Oakland University, Department of Physics, FLorida State Univeristy and ORNL, Univ. Tenn.-Knoxville, FSU - FL, PUC-RJ-Brasil, Weizmann Institute, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft Unversity of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, Northern Illinois University, Osaka Institute of Technology, School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Univ. of Leeds, UK, Cavendish Laboratory, Univ. of Cambridge, UK, Universite Paris VII, France, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, TU Delft, The Netherlands, Sandia National Labs, Univ. of Toronto, Canada, Nuclear Medicine Department, SUNY Buffalo, NY 14260, Dept. of Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, Institute for Superconductivity at University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, Naval Academy Preparatory School, Newport RI, Argon National Laboratory, Department of Advancec Materials Science, University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Chiba, Japan, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, AIST, 1-1-1 Central 2, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, Stanford Univ., Rutgers State Univ. and Brookhaven National Laboratory, Nat. Metrology Inst. of Japan, AIST, Polish Academy of Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, University of Hamburg, Germany, Lyman Laboratory of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, Computational Materials Science Center, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan, SISSA \& DEMOCRITOS National Simulation Center, Italy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, INESC-MN, Rua Alves Redol 9, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal, *Present address: Department of Physics, Tongji Univ., Shanghai ,Chaina, Chemical Eng and Materials Sci, Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, Univ of Minnesota, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0850, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1106, Argonne Nat'l. Lab, Ames laboratory USDOE and Iowa State University

  • Luc Berger

    California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, Department of Physics \& Astronomy, Rutgers University, Argonne National Lab, University of Central Florida, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Materials Science Division and Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Laboratoire de Physique Quantique - ESPCI - Paris, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Center for Materials Research and Analysis, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands, Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering, Lenin ave. 47, Kharkov 61103, Ukraine, School of Polymer, Textile and Fiber Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Advanced Research in Optical Microscopy (CAROM), Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universit\`a di Trieste, Italy, Dept. of Physics, SUNY at Albany, NY, Central Dept. of Physics, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, University of Cambridge, ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Harvard University, Delft University of Technology, Department of Chemstry, Sogang University, Department of Physics, Sogang University, Columbia Univ, Bell Labs, Columbia Univ, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, UCSD, University of Minnesota, California Institute of Technology, Texas Tech University, Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science and Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, SORST-JST ; NEC, Tsukuba; Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan, SORST-JST c/o Cancer Institute Tokyo, Japan, LPS University Paris-Sud, France ; JST-SORST, Tsukuba, Japan, JST-SORST, JST-SORST Tsukuba, Japan, SORST-JST Tsukuba, NEC Tsukuba, Meijo University Nagoya, Japan, LPS - University Paris-Sud - France, SORST-JST, Tsukuba, Japan, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR 8502 - University Paris-Sud - France ; SORST-JST Tsukuba, Japan, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, Northwestern University, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Institute of Physical Chemistry,Romania, Tohoku University, University of Tokyo, Universit\'e Paris-Sud, University of Tennessee, NIST Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, MD, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary, Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest, Hungary, Department of Materials, University of Oxford, UK, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of London, UK, NHMFL, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, UK, UKAEA Culham Division, Culham Science Center, UK, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, UK, National Institute for Materials Science, Dept of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Dept of Physics \& Astronomy, Northwestern University, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Universitat de Barcelona, UCLA, Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Department of Physics, University of Tennessee and ORNL, Edward L. 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Tech and Goteborg U., Gothenburg, Sweden, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Tokyo, Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NRL, MPI Stuttgart, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, PR China, Solid State Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, Structure Research Laboratory, USTC, Hefei 230026, PR China, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, PR China, Condensed Matter Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA, Department of Physics, The University of Tennessee, USA, and Condensed Matter Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA, Hiroshima University, Japan, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Taiwan, Dept. of Chemistry, Princeton University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN 37831, USA, KEK-MSL, Tsukuba, Japan, ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, UK, State University of New York at Albany, Albany NY; University of Central Florida, Orlando FL, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Yamanashi University, Kofu, Japan; RIKEN, Wako-shi, Japan, Ohio University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Universite Paris Sud, ESPCI, NEC Laboratories, Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1547, Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China, Univ. California, San Diego, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Materials, Physics, and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Departments, University of California, Santa Barbara California, Dept of Physics, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, Trinity College Dublin., Advanced Light Source, LBNL, Inorganic Chemistry Lab., Oxford University, CHESS-Cornell, UNICAT-UIUC-FSMRL, U-Tenn. and ORNL, U-Tenn., IBM, NHMFL, Bell Labs, Lucents Technologies, Univ. of Maryland at College Park, Dept. of Physics and Applied Physics, Yale Univ., New Haven, CT 06520, B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering, Kharkov, Ukraine, TU Delft, The Netherlands, TU Delft / Michigan State U., IBM Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, Department of Chemistry, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX 77843, Dept. of Chemistry and The Nanoscience Center, Columbia University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, Physics department and New York State Center for Advanced Technology in Photonics Applications, Brooklyn College of CUNY, The Clorox Company, Yamanashi Univ, Hokkaido Univ, National Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO, Departement de Physique, Universite de Montreal , Montreal, PQ, Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Physics and Astronomy, Dept. of Materials Science, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Ca 94720 and M.R.S.E.C., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, Agilent Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA 94304, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, Dept. Materials Science, Univ. of California and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, Iowa State, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, Univ. of Michigan, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Michigan, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Univ. of Michigan, Jordi Associates, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, University of Michigan, University of Texas - El Paso, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan., Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan., Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611., Center for Superconductivity Research, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA., Kent State University, (NHMFL, Los Alamos National Laboratory), (Central Reserch Institute of Electric Power Industry, Japan), ISSP Univ. of Tokyo, Nagoya Univ., Osaka Univ., Kyoto Univ., CSR, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, Department of Physics, Penn State, University Park, PA, Physics Dept., Pohang University, Korea, NHMFL, Los Alamos, NM, Physics Dept., Caltech, Pasadena, CA, Vrije University of Amsterdam, University of Wisconsin, Argonne National Laboratory, *also Northern Illinois University, LLNL, Livermore, Ca 94551, Dept of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, GHMFL-CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, F38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Sengban Patent \& Science Laboratory, Albany, NY 12205, Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Nanjing University, Chinese Academy of Science, Physics Department, Harvard University, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Idaho, University of Ioannina, Greece, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan ROC, Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan , ROC, Department of Photonics, National Chiao TUNG University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC, Institute of Physics, National Chiao TUNG University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC, Department of Materials science, National Chiao TUNG University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Lab, Center for Materials Research and Analysis and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Univ. of Nebraska, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, University of Science and Technology of China, Dept of Phys, Univ of Ill at Urbana-Champaign, Dept of Phys, Univ of Ill at Chicago, Adv Photon Source, ANL, Univeristy of Copenhagen, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, Department of Physics, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, AMES LABORATORY OF US DOE, Department of PHYSICS \& ASTRONOMY, Iowa State University, Ames IA 50011, Physics Department, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 560-759, Korea, Ohio Aerospace Institute, Cleveland, OH 44142, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany-SUNY, Advisor, Randolph-Macon Woman's College, Lynchburg, VA, Centro At\'omico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, Comisión Nacional de Energ\'ia At\'omica, Argentina, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA, Argonne National Laboratory, USA, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA, University of California Irvine, USA, Ames Laboratory and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames Laboratory and Dept. of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Vereshchagin Institute for High Pressure Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142190 Troitsk, Moscow region, Russia, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York 11973, CEA-Grenoble, France, ISSP, Univ. of Tokyo, Japan, JASRI, Japan, Dept. of Physics, Osaka Univ., Japan, Dept. of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan Univ., Japan, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 32310, Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Texas Center for Superconductivity and Advanced Materials, University of Houston, University of Fribourg, Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Inst., Utrecht University, The Netherlands, Tel Aviv University, Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Princeton Univ., University of California, University of California - Santa Barbara, Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Physics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, Lehrstuhl f\"ur Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universit\"at Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany, University of Iowa, Dept. of Physics, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, and Research Lab. of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, University of Missouri, University of Massachusetts, Lowell MA 01854-5047, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210-1106, Kagoshima University, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, Dept. of Physics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville, KY, (MIT), (Tohoku University and CREST JST, 980-8578, Sendai Japan), (Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear – CDTN/CNEN, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil), (Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University), UFMG, Brazil, Tohoku University and CREST JST, Japan, Tohoku U. and CREST JST, Japan, UFRJ, Brazil, Phys. Dept., Harvard Univ., Department of Physics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA., Department of Physics and Division of Engineering, Brown University, Department of Physics, Queen's University, Canada, Physics, MIT, Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Department of Physics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Linclon, NE 68588, Department of Physics, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE 68182, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC 20375, Kalamazoo College and KFKI Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kalamazoo College, Departament de Fisica i Enginyeria Nuclear, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain, Departamento de Fisica, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Lab, Physics Department, Cornell University, Harvard Division of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard Physics, Naval Research Lab, Washington, DC, Physics Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Division of Dermatology, University of British Columbia, Department of Cancer Imaging, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Queen's University, ON, Canada, Yale University, CT, Texas Tech Chemical Engineering Dept., Cal Poly Physics Department, San Luis Obispo, Cal Poly Chemistry Dept. San Luis Obispo, The Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8202, NanoScience Simulation Laboratory, Department of Physics, Fu Jen University, Dept. of Physics, Yeung-Nam University, Taegu, S. Korea, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China, University of South Florida, Jacksonville State University, Dept of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Rolla, USA, Dept of Physics, University of South-Florida, USA, Dept of Physics, University of Liege, Belgium, Department of Physics, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, University of California, Berkeley, Cornell University, CRIPEI, CERC (AIST), AIST-Tsukuba, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chernogolovka, Russia, Superconductivity Research Laboratory, ISTEC, Japan, Department of Physics, Pohang University, Korea, Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, USA, Hebrew University, Department of Physics and Department of Electrical Engineering, Michigan Tech University, Houghton, MI 49931, Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, A.F. Ioffe Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, A. F. Ioffe Institute, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia, Physics Department, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University Regensburg, Oak Ridge Nat. Lab., Univ. Cincinnati, Univ. North Dakota, Univ. Cincinnati, Oak Ridge Nat. Lab., Dept. of Physics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Univ. of North Dakota, Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, Department of Physics \& Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Paul Scherrer Institut WHGA/123 CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia, U. Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Ames Lab, President of the National Society of Black Physicists, Physics Department, University of Maryland, CASC, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Yokoyama Nano-structured LC Project, ERATO; LC Nanosystem, SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Center for Materials Research, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA, Centre for Electronic Materials and Devices, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Physics and UniS Material Institute, University of Surrey, NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Dept of Materials Sc. \& Engg, GIST, Gwangju, Korea, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, Bartlesville, OK 74004, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Institut Curie-Section de Recherche, LBNL-ALS, SJSU, Ames Laboratory, SRI International, IRRMA - EPFL, Lausanne, UC Irvine, California, Amherst College, LBNL and University of California, Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, Commissariat d'Energie Atomique, DRFMC/SPSMS/LCP, Grenoble, France, Department of Physics, National Changhua University of Education, University California, Los Angeles, Dongguk University (KOREA), Chungbuk National University (KOREA), LPCES, Universit\'e Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Air Force Research Lab (AFRL/VSSS), National Sun Yat-sen University, CMS/ITRI, Division of Materials Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea, Department of Physics, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea, Department of Physics, Mokwon University, Taejeon, Korea, Institute of Physics \& Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, IICO, UASLP, Fac. Ingenieria Quimica, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Institute of Optoelectronic Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, Unidad Queretaro. Cinvestav-IPN, Department of Chemistry, Kyoto University, Japan, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Japan, Nagoya University, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, Fac. Ciencias. Qu\'imicas., BUAP, Rowan University, Towson University, MD, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Myongji University, Grad School of Science and Technology / Niigata Univ., IPAPS / UCSD, Tata Institute, India, Univ. of Tokyo, Japan, Institut f\"ur Experimentalphysik, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany, Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, the University of Chicago, Department of Physics, Myongji University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Myongji University, Delphi Research Lab, Shelby Township, MI, St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Northrop Grumman-Synoptics, Charlotte NC 28273, Department of Physics and Engineering, Sweet Briar VA 24595, Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia LV-0163, Northeastern Univ., Boston, MA, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, LabSem-CETUC. PUC-Rio. Brasil, Dept of Physics, University of Arkansas, Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Guilford College, The College of Wooster, Materials Department and ECE Department, UCSB, Materials Department, UCSB, ECE Department, UCSB, Argonne, Université de Metz, France, APS ,Argonne National Laboratory, Advanced Photon Source ,Argonne National Laboratory, CHESS, Cornell University, Ford Motor Co, Department of Physics, New York University, Metals and Ceramics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, Center for Simulational Physics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, MS\&E Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Bartol Research Institute, Universtiy of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, Institute of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, Materials Science Department, Ris{\o} National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, Materials Science Division, ANL, U. of California, San Diego, Advanced Photon Source, ANL, MST-NHMFL, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA, Dep. of Phys. and Astron., University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4575, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Center for Computational Material Science, University of Vienna - Austria, Institut fuer Materialphysik, Center for Computational Material Science, University of Vienna - Austria, Ames Laboratory$^1$, Matrials Science and Engineering$^2$, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy$^3$, Iowa State University, Kamerling Onnes Lab. Universiteit Leiden (Netherlands), Lab. Bajas Temperaturas. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (Spain), Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA, University of Toronto, Canada; Institute for Surface Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine, Brookhaven National Lab, USA, Uppsala Univ., U.C. San Diego, Univ. of Michigan, Max Planck Institute for CPFS, D-01187 Dresden, Germany, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, B.C., V5A-1S6, Canada, Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Japan, ReCOE \& School of Physics, Seoul National University, Korea, AIST, JST ERATO-SSS, Univ. of Tokyo, Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, School of Physics and Center for Strongly Correlated Materials Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA, Basic Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, 305-350, Korea, ReCOE and School of Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, Korea, Ames Laboratory and Department of Physics, Iowa State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering K-JIST, University of Seoul, Synchrotron Radiation Center, Oak Ridge National Lab., Univ. of Tennessee, Chonnam National Univ., Pohang Accelerator Lab., Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, Lab. Akoestiek en Thermische Fysica, Dept. Natuurkunde en Sterrenkunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Dept. of Physics and Center for Soft Matter Research, New York University, New York, NY 10003, Dept. of Physics, James Franck Institute and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, Department of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Boston University, Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland, Weizmann Institute of Science, Institute of Physics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont TX, University of Zurich, Max-Planck-Institutee for Solid State Research, DuPont Central Research, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, University of California, Los Angeles, Service de Physique Theorique, CE-Saclay, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Physics, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cambridge, UK, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Materials Science and Eng., Univ. of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Medical Sciences Div., Fox Chase Cancer Center, William I. Fine Theoretical Physics Institute, University of Minnesota, Osaka University, CREST, JST, Risø National Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Clemson University, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Universidade Federal de MInas Gerais, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Material Research, Germany, University of California, Berkeley, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, UFRJ, Brazil, UC Berkeley and LBNL, Dept.of Applied Physics, Yale Univ., Chemistry Dept., Rice Univ., Humboldt University Berlin, Germany, NHMFL, Florida State Univ., NHMFL, Los Alamos National Lab, LNCMP, Toulouse, France, Dept. of Elec. \& Comp. Engineering, Rice Univ., The Rowland Institute at Harvard, 100 Edwin H. Land Blvd., Cambridge, MA 02142, The Rowland Institute at Harvard, Institut Romand de Recherche Numerique en Physique des Materiaux, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, School of Physics Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0430, Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Tohoku University, Japan, Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Texas at Austin, Dept. of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Physikdepartment E13, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany, Theoretische Physik, Universit{\"a}t Paderborn, University of Northern Iowa, University of Connecticut, Department of Physics, Astronomy \& Geosciences, Towson University, Institut f\"ur Experimentelle Physik 45117 Essen, Germany Institut f\"ur Experimentelle Physik 45117 Essen, Germany, Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J1, Canada, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Lucent Technologies, Department of Electronics and Mechanical Engineering, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan, Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, University of Regensburg, Michigan State Univ., Dartmouth College, University of California, Merced, Physics Dept., Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0030, Univ. of Cincinnati, $Univ.$ $of$ $Missouri$, $Univ.$ $of$ $Cincinnati$, North Carolina State University, Raleigh and ORNL, Oak Ridge, ORNL, Oak Ridge, Hewlett-Parkard Laboratories, Yonsei University, (Institute of Solid State Physics, Chernogolovka, Russia), (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), Institute of Materials Science, Univ. of Tsukuba, University of Tsukuba, Applied Superconductivity Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, University of California , San Diego, University of California at Davis, Carnegie Geophysical Laboratory and Advanced Photon Source (HPCAT), UNLV and HiPSEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-3110, Wright Patterson AFB, Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Physics Dept., Texas A\&M Univ., College Station, TX, Institute of Physics, Acad. of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic, Physics Dept. Univ. at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, Univ. of Notre Dame and Inst. of Physics, Polish Acad. of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland, Univ. of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Materials and Engineering Physics Program, Ames Laboratory, DRECAM/SPCSI, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France, Physics Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Universitat Aut\`onoma de Barcelona, Spain, University of Illinois, Chicago, Forschungszentrum J\"ulich (ISG3), Germany, IPICyT, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, U. de Santiago de Chile, Pontificia U. Católica de Chile, C.E.A. Saclay, France, Seagate Research, Pittsburgh, SPINTEC (CNRS/CEA), 17 Av. Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, LETI/D2NT, 17 Av. Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University of Minnesota, Department of Physics, Penn State University, Physics Dept., UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA, Advanced Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Center for High Performance Computing, University of Utah, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Department of Physics, Universit\"at Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany, Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, Ohio 44272, Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, U. Toronto and U.C. Berkeley, U. Toronto, Xavier University and MARC Program, The Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000, Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program and the Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, University of Nevada, Reno, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Carleton University, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, University of Akron, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Athens, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Chemistry, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, Department of Polymer Science, Peking University, P. R. China, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Pohang U. of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, Yale, Department of Physics, Eastern Michigan University, Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, Department of Physics, University of Reading, Reading, UK, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Dept. of Mech. Eng., The Univ. of Tokyo, Dept. of Elec.~\& Comp. Engineering, Rice Univ., Institution fuer Schichten und Grenzflaechen, University of Illinois, Sony Corporation, Mizuho Information \& Research Institute, Inc., LBNL, Berkeley, and UC-Davis, City U. Hong Kong, UW-Seattle, City U. Hong Kong, and Zhongshan U., LPT, Universite Paris-Sud and School of Informatics, Indiana University, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, CEA, Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, LPT, Universite Paris-Sud, Physics Department, Babes-Boyai Univ., 3400 Cluj Napoca, Romania, Physics Department, Philipps Univ., 35032 Marburg, Germany, UC Berkeley, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, UIC Physics Department, ESRF, Grenoble, APS-ANL, Argonne, PSI-SINQ, Villigen, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain, LBNL, Berkeley, and UC-Berkeley, LBNL, Berkeley, Mat. Sci. Program, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, Nanocenter, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, Benedict College, Columbia, SC, Masaryk University, Brno, Physics Department, Texas Tech University, Grenoble High Magnetic Field Labs - CNRS/MPI, Max-Planck-Institut for Condensed Matter Physics, Princeton University, USA, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, Cavendish Laboratory, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom, Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, National Measurement Laboratory, Center for Measurement Standards, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea, Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, Columbia Univ. and Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies, Univ. of Florida and NHMFL, University of Bremen, Quantum Sensors Project, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, Freescale Semiconductor, Univ. Tenn. at Knoxville and ORNL, Pontificia Universidade Cat\'olica do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Department of Physics, Oakland University, Department of Physics, FLorida State Univeristy and ORNL, Univ. Tenn.-Knoxville, FSU - FL, PUC-RJ-Brasil, Weizmann Institute, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft Unversity of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, Northern Illinois University, Osaka Institute of Technology, School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Univ. of Leeds, UK, Cavendish Laboratory, Univ. of Cambridge, UK, Universite Paris VII, France, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, TU Delft, The Netherlands, Sandia National Labs, Univ. of Toronto, Canada, Nuclear Medicine Department, SUNY Buffalo, NY 14260, Dept. of Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, Institute for Superconductivity at University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, Naval Academy Preparatory School, Newport RI, Argon National Laboratory, Department of Advancec Materials Science, University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Chiba, Japan, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, AIST, 1-1-1 Central 2, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, Stanford Univ., Rutgers State Univ. and Brookhaven National Laboratory, Nat. Metrology Inst. of Japan, AIST, Polish Academy of Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, University of Hamburg, Germany, Lyman Laboratory of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, Computational Materials Science Center, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan, SISSA \& DEMOCRITOS National Simulation Center, Italy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, INESC-MN, Rua Alves Redol 9, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal, *Present address: Department of Physics, Tongji Univ., Shanghai ,Chaina, Chemical Eng and Materials Sci, Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, Univ of Minnesota, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0850, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1106, Argonne Nat'l. Lab, Ames laboratory USDOE and Iowa State University