Study of Chorus Waves in a 2D Dipole Magnetic Field Using Full Kinetic Approach

Whistler-mode waves play a crucial role in electron dynamics within Earth's radiation belts, influencing both pitch angle and energy via wave–particle interactions. Among these, chorus waves are particularly intense and significant. They are characterized by their narrowband, quasi-coherent structure and frequency chirping-exhibiting rising or falling tones, commonly observed in various plasma environments. Understanding this chirping behavior may provide broader insights into plasma dynamics in both space and fusion contexts. Previous simulation/numerical studies are mostly one-dimensional or hybrid (using cold electrons as a fluid and hot electrons as particles) in two dimensions. In this work, we investigate the generation of rising-tone chorus waves in a two-dimensional dipole magnetic field using a fully kinetic PIC approach with the open-source SMILEI code. We present results on the excitation of whistler-mode waves near the magnetic equator driven by hot electrons with temperature anisotropy. The impact of seeded wave injection, both single wave packets and continuous wave injection, as well as the role of cold electrons on chorus wave generation, is examined.