Overview and Emerging Applications of Electromagnetic Centrifuges

Plasma separation devices have historically failed to achieve commercial viability despite key advantages: operation on electric power, chemical-free reaction induction, and high rotation rates without moving parts. These benefits are overshadowed by fundamental limitations arising from the nonlinear coupling of the Lorentz force with rotational dynamics and heating. Using a simplified model, we show how geometric design and optimized boundary conditions can mitigate thermal dissipation via scaling of the V²/T parameter. However, the separation factor, exp(ΔMV²/2kT), reveals that intrinsic performance is only part of the story. Practical viability depends on feedstock mass differences and material value. While uranium isotope separation (~3 amu) was once disqualifying, modern needs, such as rare earth extraction with ΔM > 20 amu, present more favorable conditions. EMCs also align with green technology incentives and are uniquely suited for space exploration goals, offering reagent-free operation and solar-powered, single-pot versatility. Advances in superconducting magnets and cryogenic systems can also be leveraged to further enhance V²/T by boosting Lorentz forces with less current and heating. This work reviews key EMC physics, scaling laws, and historical challenges, and explores emerging paths to viability.