Electrostatic Waves in Venus

As the observation proposed that the interaction between the solar wind and Venus' ionosphere leads to IAWs in the mantle region. For studying this hypothesis, a suitable hydrodynamic model based on the observational data from PVO and VEX is developed. Our model consists of two warm-charged ionospheric species, namely, hydrogen H+ and oxygen O+ ions, and streaming solar wind protons and electrons. We adopt the reductive perturbation technique to derive the three-dimensional partial differential ZK equation. The G′/G−expansion method is employed to obtain the

Soliton(quasi-parallel and oblique) and double-layer wave solutions. The conditions and propagation characteristics of the fully non-linear IAWs and their dependence on solar wind parameters are compared with the available space observations. Regarding electrostatic soliton(quasi-parallel) waves, our theoretical model predicts a maximum electric field of 7.5 mV/m and a pulse time duration of 3 ms. The output of the fast Fourier transformation power spectra of the electric field pulse is a broad-band electrostatic noise in a frequency range of ∼0.1–4 kHz.These FFT calculations are in good agreement with PVO’s observations. Therefore, we can predict other electrostatic wave propagation, soliton(oblique), and double-layer waves.