Simulating tokamak PFC performance using simultaneous dual beam particle loading with pulsed heat loading

The performance of plasma facing components (PFCs) in a fusion device are expected to change due to high flux particle loading during operation. Tungsten (W) is a promising PFC candidate material, due to its high melting point, high thermal conductivity, and low tritium retention. However, ion irradiation of D and He have each shown to diminish the thermal strength of W. This work investigates the synergistic effect between ion species, using dual beam irradiation, on the thermal response of W during ELM-like pulsed heat loading. Experiments studied three different loading conditions: laser, laser $+$ He$^{\mathrm{+}}$, and laser $+$ He$^{\mathrm{+}} \quad +$ D$^{\mathrm{+}}$. 100 eV He$^{\mathrm{+}}$ and D$^{\mathrm{+}}$ exposures used a flux of 3.0-3.5 x 10$^{\mathrm{20}}$ m$^{\mathrm{-2}}$ s$^{\mathrm{-1}}$. ELM-like loading was applied using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser at an energy density of 0.38-1.51 MJ m$^{\mathrm{-2}}$ (3600 1 ms pulses at 1 Hz). SEM imaging revealed that laser $+$ He$^{\mathrm{+}}$ loading at 0.76 MJ m$^{\mathrm{-2}}$ caused surface melting, inhibiting fuzz formation. Increasing the laser fluence decreased grain size and increased surface pore density. Thermally-enhanced migration of trapped gases appear to reflect resultant molten morphology.