ASDEX Upgrade contribution to disruption studies for ITER

ORAL

Abstract

Plasma disruptions represent a hazard for the structural integrity of ITER. The contribution of the existing tokamaks to this project consists in refining the characterization of the disruption loads and their extrapolation, on the basis of physical models, and in learning to predict and mitigate disruptions. The ASDEX Upgrade research program covers these specific topics and this contribution reports on significant progress made in these areas. (I) The formation and evolution of the halo region is analyzed with MHD-transport codes and extrapolation to ITER is discussed. (II) Discriminant analysis is applied to each disruption group in order to determine the most significant plasma variables, which allow for classification, and is being used to discern between stable and pre-disruptive plasma states. (III) Progress has been made with MGI in attaining an effective electron density equivalent to 24 {\%} of the critical one (necessary for the collisional suppression of runaway electrons) and in studying the redistribution of the injected gas in the plasma.

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Authors

  • M.D. Wilke

    Oncoray, TU Dresden, Germany, Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, FZD, U. Missouri, Sandia NL, U. Nevada, Los Alamos NL, University of Tokyo, UCLA, LANL, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), UES, Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory, St.Petersburg State Mining Institute (Technical University), University of Nevada, Reno, University of Notre Dame, Fusion Science Center and Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, USA, Sciprint.org, Philips Lighting, Blackett Laboratory, Imp. Coll.London, UK, Dep. of Phys., Lund Univ., Sweden, LPGP - Unv. Paris-Sud, Orsay, France, LLNL, CEA/DAM/DIF, CEA, France, Manne Siegbahn Laboratory, Stockholm University, Utsunomiya University, Alme \& Associates, The George Washington University, GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\~ao Nuclear, IST, Lisbon, Portugal, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK, CRPP-EPFL, Euratom Confederation Suisse, Lausanne, Switzerland, IPP, Euratom, Garching, Germany, \"OAW-Euratom, Innsbruck, Austria, Ris{\o}/DTU, Denmark, Consorzio RFX, Euratom-ENEA, Padova, Italy, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, General Atomics, U. Michigan, Uni. Michigan, Voss Sci., NRL, Uni. Oxford, Ohio State Uni., LLE, GSI, ILE (Japan), CLF (UK), UCSD, UCSD/LLNL, Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, Plasma Physics Division, NRL, Washington, DC 20375, CUOS, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, East West Space Science Center, University of Maryland, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NRL, Wash. DC, CUOS, Univ. of Michigan, CUOS, U. of Michigan, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, U. of Rochester, Seoul National University, ORNL, ITER Org., JAEA, Helsinki U., PPPL, ITER Organization, Columbia U., Center for Integrated Computation and Analysis of Reconnection and Turbulence, University of New Hampshire, Nova Photonics, Bergen County Academies, HZ Berlin, Germany, Western Michigan University, USA, SUNY College at Oneona, Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, University of Michigan, A.E., Technion, Israel, SAIC, UC Davis, HyperV Tech. Corp., U. of Alabama, Huntsville, Prism Computational Sciences, FAR-TECH, Inc, Advanced Energy Systems, Voss Scientific, LLC, Hyperv Technologies, HyperV Technologies Corp., U.C., Davis, UNM, UAH, HyperV Technologies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV USA, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA, NumerEx LLC, Albuquerque, NM USA, SAIC, Albuquerque, NM USA, Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM USA, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA, NumerEx LLC, Albuquerque, NM, USA, SAIC, Albuquerque, NM, USA, Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM, USA, Univ NM, Univ. Nevada, Numerex, AFRL-Kirtland, Tech-X Corporation, Utah State University, University of Wisconsin, MIT-PSFC, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of California, Los Angeles, UW-Madison, WI, Physics Department, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 USA, Plasma Fusion Center, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA, National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki 509-5292, Gifu, Japan, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA, ASIPP, UC Berkeley, GA, UKAEA, FAR-TECH, UC-Davis, Institute for Nuclear Research, MPI, U. Wisc.-Madison, Univ. of Texas, Comp-X, CNRS, CompX, UW-Madison, Harvard University, Columbus, Italy, MIT, Uppsala Un., NSC Kharkiv Inst. Phys. \& Tech., ENEA, Italy, Politecnico di Torino, Italy, MIT, Ignitor Project, ANSALDO, The Ohio State University, Rutherford Appleton Lab., Ohio State U., Imperial College London, Univ. of Milan, Instituto Superior Technico, Univ. of Alberta, The Ohio State Univ., Ludwig Maximilians Universitat, Univ. Politecnica de Madrid, University of Washington, University of Tulsa, UCI, CMTFO and CASS, University of California, San Diego, NFRI, Daejeon, Korea, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, Phys. Dept.\& CMSO, Uni. Wisconsin, Madison, Phys. Dept. University of California, Los Angeles, University of Colorado, NYU, CEA/IRFM, University of California, San Diego, Unv. Wisconsin, University of California, Irvine, IPR, Bhat, Gandhinagar, India, Dartmouth College, University of Texas at Austin, EPFL-CRPP, Association Euratom - Swiss Confederation, Lausanne, Switzerland, National Institute for Fusion Science, CMTFO and CASS, University of California , San Diego, CNRS-Universite de Provence, Association Euratom-CEA, Center for Advance Research in Fusion Reactor Engineering, Depatment of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA, National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki, Gifu, Japan, Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka, Japan, PSFC, MIT, LPP-CNRS, CMTFO and CASS, UCSD, IPP, China, SWIP, China, USTC, China, MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, MIT PSFC, MIT, PSFC, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, CompX, Del Mar, CA, CEA, IRFM, Saint Paul-lez-Durance, France, MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, MA, NYU Courant Inst., Lehigh, University of Texas, Austin, UC Irvine, Princeton University, IGSES, Kyushu University, KU Leuven, UT-Austin, NFRI, Korea, CMTFO and CASS, UCSD, USA and WCI Center, NFRI, Korea, NFRI and POSTECH, Korea, University of Montana, University of New Mexico, Columbia University, U Oxford, U Maryland, Columbia University, New York, New York University, USTC, Auburn University, Kyushu University, University of Iowa, SDSC, SciberQuest/UCSD, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Univ. of Maryland, Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA, LBNL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, SLAC, Sandia National Labs, LPGP Orsay, GSI Darmstadt, UCLM Ciudar Real, IPCP Chernogolovka, SNL, Berkeley Research Associates, Beltsville MD, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA, University of Minnesota, Naval Research Laboratory, Icarus Research Inc. and University of Maryand, Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Icarus Research, Inc., Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, Sandia National Laboratories, California, Australian National University, U of York, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA, Lodestar Research Corp., Culham Science Centre, UK, Cornell Univ., FZJ, Auburn University and Global Strategies Group, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, Global Strategies Group (North America), International Institute for Fusion Science, CNRS/Universite de Provence, Centre Universitaire St J\'er\^ome, Case 321, 13397 Marseille, France, Institute for Fusion Studies, Princeton Plasma Physics Lab, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, University of St Andrews, University of Strathclyde, Rice University, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, University of Maryland, Global Strategies Group North America, Inc., Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Hiroshima University, University of Tsukuba, Kyoto Institute of Technology, RFX, RFX Padova, ITALY, Consorzio RFX, Padova, Italy, Plasma Physics Laboratory, P.O.Box 451, Princeton, NJ 08543, Consorzio RFX, Padova - Italy, U. Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin - Madison, University of WI-Madison, Physical Sciences Laboratory, UW-Madison, CMSO, UW-Madison, Department of Physics, UW-Madison, University of Wisconsin, Madison, UW - Madison, Consorzio RFX, EURATOM-ENEA Association, Padova, Italy, Consorzio RFX, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia, BINP, Univ. of Rochester, Budker Inst of Nucl Physics, Russia, Univ Rochester, Univ Wisconsin-Madison, TechX Corp., Purdue U, West Virginia University, University of Notre Dame, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, IN 46556, University of Hyogo, Dept. of Physics, Hanyang University, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Kurita Seisakusyo Co Ltd, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA, Max-Planck-Institut fur Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, Greifswald, D-17491, Germany, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08543, Kyushyu U. Japan, Tokai U. Japan, Institute for Nuclear Research, Ukraine, TUAT Japan, JAXA/ISAS Japan, LIMHP, CNRS-UPR 1311, Universit\'e Paris 13, France, OSU, UNR, Prism, CEA, University of Oxford, IST, Lisbon, STFC-RAL, University of York, LULI-Ecole Polytechnique, ETH Zurich, NBIA, KU \& NBIA, Osaka Univ, Japan, Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, China, NAO, China, LULI, France, York Univ, UK, IOP, China, Lawrence Livermore Nationl Laboratory, LLE, University of Rochester, AOSS, University of Michigan, Centre for energy research, UCSD, USA., TEI, Crete, CLF, RAL, UK., QUB, Belfast, UK., LMU and MPI, Garching, Germany., Imperial College London, UK., Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of St Andrews, Fife, UK, LMU, LANL/LMU, QUB, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, FEE CTU in Prague, Alameda Applied Sciences, Sandia National Laboratories, Weizmann Institute, Ktech Corporation, Imperial College, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, Imperial College, London, UK, Cornell University, Univ. of California at Davis, FOM Institute of Plasma Physics, Kyungbuk National University, CompX Co, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Max Planck Institut fur Plasmaphysik, MIT - PSFC, Imperial College, London, U.S. Army Research Lab, MD, USA, Bartol Research Institute, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, DE, USA, Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita della Calabria, Rende, Italy, Univ. Michigan, Colorado School of Mines, NS Tech, AWE, MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, MA, 02139, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, 08543, Pine Crest High School, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33334, Institute of Applied Physics and Computation Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China, Sensors Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731, U. Rochester, RAL, UK, University of Oxford, UK, Tech. Univ. of Varna, CEA-DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France, Los Alamos National Lab, Institue of Laser Engineering, Osaka, Japan, Plasma Physics Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC, (RSI), Berkeley Research Associates, (SAIC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, ARTEP, inc, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Boston University, University of Delaware, CU, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706 Madison,WI, U. Wisconsin--Madison, U.Wisconsin--Madison, Florida State University, University of Arizona, University of Rochester, LCD, ENSMA, France, U. of Osaka, Japan, IMPMC, Paris, France, LULI, Ecole Polytechnique, France, CEA-DIF, France, Swarthmore College, Simon Fraser University, Texas A\&M University, U. of Michigan, USA, Osaka U., Japan, CEA-DIF, DPTA, France, ILE, Osaka, Japan, Observatoire de Meudon, France, ASIPP, PRC, NFRC, Korea, U Strathclyde, ITER, University of Maryland, College Park, CREATE, Italy, ENEA, CRIOTEC, ENEA, Bologna, Italy, Kurchatov Institute, US ITER Project, ORNL, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Iowa, The University of Iowa, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa City, Iowa 52245, LLE-UR, PSFC-MIT, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France, Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CCFE-Culham, CEA-Cadarache, CRPP-EPFL, Lausanne, U. Tulsa, Johns Hopkins University, U. of Washington, Chair of the USBPO Council, IST, Lebedev Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia, Ktech Corporation, Albuquerque, NM, USA, University of Nevada, Reno, USA, Ktech Corp, Lebedev Physics Institute, Russia, Institute for Fusion Studies, The University of Texas at Austin, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Voss Scientific, Ohio State University, The University of Texas at Austin, IST, Lisbon Portugal, Tech-X Corp., University of Colorado at Bolder and Tech-X Corp., University of Colorado at Boulder and Inst. of Plasma Physics, CAS, Lodestar Research, PSFC MIT, Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, University Kiel, PPPL-Howard University, U. New Mexico, Dept. of Physics, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI, University High, New Roads School, University High School, SUNY College at Oneonta, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan, Plasma Physics Research Center, I. Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Plasma Physics Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Advanced Radiographic Technologies Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Sensors Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, Kobe University, Japan, EMPA - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science \& Technology, Thun, London Metropolitan University, Advanced Energy, Inc., Center for Atomic and Molecular Technologies, Osaka University, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Kumamoto University, U. of Essex, UK, CELIA, France, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, SUNY Geneseo, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, University of Nevada, Reno, Department of Physics, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, U.of Rochester, Univerisity of Texas at Austin, Dpt. Nuclear Eng., Kyoto Univ., IFS, UT at Austin, NIFS, Budker Inst., CCS-2, CCS-7, Lawrence Livermore National Labratory, Princeton Plasma Physics Labratory, Redmond Plasma Physics Laboratory, University of Colorado at Boulder, Nihon University, Tri Alpha Energy, Tri Alpha Energy, Inc., University of Colorado, Boulder, Co, USA, FOM Inst. of Plasma Physics, The Netherlands, UCD, Davis, Ca, USA, FNSPE, Czech Technical University in Prague, Brehova 7, 11519 Prague 1, Czech Republic, Auburn U., FZ-Juelich, U. Wisconsin-Madison, U. Toronto, FarTech, Inc., Lehigh University, Georgia Tech., Dalian U. of Technology, U. York, Southwestern Institute of Physics, EURATOM/UKAEA Fussion Assoc., CSM, DUT, SWIP, IPR, ORISE, USC, Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, University of California, Los Angeles USA, University of Alberta, Lebedev Physics Institute, University of Ottawa, University of ALberta, Tech-X, UNL, University of St.Andrews, UK, CUOS, University of Michigan, Fudan University, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Imperial College, UK, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, CH, U. of California, San Diego, Research Support Instruments, RSI, NIST, ARTEP, Polymath Res. Inc., Res. Support Instru. (RSI), CELIA, Universite Bordeaux, CELIA, Bordeaux, CEA, DAM, DIF, LULI, Ecole Polytechnique, CPHT, Ecole Polytechnique, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA, Wheaton College, Wheaton, IL, USA, Consorzio RFX, Associazione Euratom-ENEA sulla Fusione, C.so Stati Uniti 4, I-35126 Padova, Italy, Consorzio RFX, Associazione Euratom-ENEA sulla Fusione, Padova, Italy, University of Wisconsin-Madison and Center for Magnetic Self-Organization, U. Saskatchewan, U. Tsukuba, Consorzio RFX, Associazione Euratom-ENEA - Padova, Italy, Ill. Inst. Tech., ANL, Lancaster University, UK, Univ. Washington, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Department of Energy Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259 J2-35, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan., consultant, Alameda Applied Sciences Corp., Sandia National Laboratory, Berkeley Scholars, Inc., Plasma Physics Division, Naval Research Laboraory, DOE/NNSA, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, BRA, Naval Research Lab, The Open University of Japan, The University of Tokyo, CICATA-IPN, Third Dimension, JHU, ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN, USA, Univ. Wisconsin Madison, MPE, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Ohio Northern University, The University of Iowa, Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany, JIHT, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127412 Moscow, Russia, Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, ITAP, Christian-Albrechts-Universitaet zu Kiel, Germany, CalTech, NIFS, Jpn, Kobe U., Jpn, Konan U., Jpn, JAMSTEC, Jpn, Celia, University of Bordeaux, Technical University of Madrid, Princeton U., Laboratory for Laser Energetics and Fusion Science Center, U. of Rochester, Univeristy of Milan, U. of Rochester, IFCF-CNR, Univ. Milano, Univ. York, Univ. Alberta, LULI (France), Geneseo, NSTec, IPP Garching, U. Torino, Euratom/CEA, Euratom/CCFE, Aerospace and Energetics Research Program, University of Washington, Plasma and Space Science Center, National Cheng Kung University, The Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, National Fusion Research Institute, HRS Fusion, Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar, India, Association Euratom-CEA, DRFC, CEA Cadarache, 13108 St-Paul-Lez-Durance, France, CNRS-Universite de Provence, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France, University of Science and Technology of China, IFTS, Zhejiang University, China, Culham Laboratory, Oxford University, FAR-TECH Inc., Utah State Univ, Duke University, Yale U., Univeristy of Washington, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, PO Box 451, Princeton, NJ, 08543, U. C. Davis, U. of Warwick, CCFE, United Kingdom, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, CU-Boulder, Lodestar Res. Corp., U-Toronto, UIUC, Columbia, UWa, Purdue, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Icarus, Inc., and UMD, Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan, Univ. of Maryland, CUOS U. of M., Univ. Nebraska, Univ. Texas at Austin, Department of Physics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Dept. of Physics, UT Austin, Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, Univ. of Michigan, Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, CLIA, U. of Bordeaux, ETSIA, UPM, Madrid, Dipartimento SBAI, Universit\`a di Roma La Sapienza and CNISM, Italy, CELIA, U.Rome, Celia CEA

  • M.D. Wilke

    Oncoray, TU Dresden, Germany, Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, FZD, U. Missouri, Sandia NL, U. Nevada, Los Alamos NL, University of Tokyo, UCLA, LANL, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), UES, Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory, St.Petersburg State Mining Institute (Technical University), University of Nevada, Reno, University of Notre Dame, Fusion Science Center and Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, USA, Sciprint.org, Philips Lighting, Blackett Laboratory, Imp. Coll.London, UK, Dep. of Phys., Lund Univ., Sweden, LPGP - Unv. Paris-Sud, Orsay, France, LLNL, CEA/DAM/DIF, CEA, France, Manne Siegbahn Laboratory, Stockholm University, Utsunomiya University, Alme \& Associates, The George Washington University, GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\~ao Nuclear, IST, Lisbon, Portugal, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK, CRPP-EPFL, Euratom Confederation Suisse, Lausanne, Switzerland, IPP, Euratom, Garching, Germany, \"OAW-Euratom, Innsbruck, Austria, Ris{\o}/DTU, Denmark, Consorzio RFX, Euratom-ENEA, Padova, Italy, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, General Atomics, U. Michigan, Uni. Michigan, Voss Sci., NRL, Uni. Oxford, Ohio State Uni., LLE, GSI, ILE (Japan), CLF (UK), UCSD, UCSD/LLNL, Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, Plasma Physics Division, NRL, Washington, DC 20375, CUOS, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, East West Space Science Center, University of Maryland, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NRL, Wash. DC, CUOS, Univ. of Michigan, CUOS, U. of Michigan, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, U. of Rochester, Seoul National University, ORNL, ITER Org., JAEA, Helsinki U., PPPL, ITER Organization, Columbia U., Center for Integrated Computation and Analysis of Reconnection and Turbulence, University of New Hampshire, Nova Photonics, Bergen County Academies, HZ Berlin, Germany, Western Michigan University, USA, SUNY College at Oneona, Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, University of Michigan, A.E., Technion, Israel, SAIC, UC Davis, HyperV Tech. Corp., U. of Alabama, Huntsville, Prism Computational Sciences, FAR-TECH, Inc, Advanced Energy Systems, Voss Scientific, LLC, Hyperv Technologies, HyperV Technologies Corp., U.C., Davis, UNM, UAH, HyperV Technologies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV USA, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA, NumerEx LLC, Albuquerque, NM USA, SAIC, Albuquerque, NM USA, Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM USA, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA, NumerEx LLC, Albuquerque, NM, USA, SAIC, Albuquerque, NM, USA, Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM, USA, Univ NM, Univ. Nevada, Numerex, AFRL-Kirtland, Tech-X Corporation, Utah State University, University of Wisconsin, MIT-PSFC, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of California, Los Angeles, UW-Madison, WI, Physics Department, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 USA, Plasma Fusion Center, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA, National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki 509-5292, Gifu, Japan, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA, ASIPP, UC Berkeley, GA, UKAEA, FAR-TECH, UC-Davis, Institute for Nuclear Research, MPI, U. Wisc.-Madison, Univ. of Texas, Comp-X, CNRS, CompX, UW-Madison, Harvard University, Columbus, Italy, MIT, Uppsala Un., NSC Kharkiv Inst. Phys. \& Tech., ENEA, Italy, Politecnico di Torino, Italy, MIT, Ignitor Project, ANSALDO, The Ohio State University, Rutherford Appleton Lab., Ohio State U., Imperial College London, Univ. of Milan, Instituto Superior Technico, Univ. of Alberta, The Ohio State Univ., Ludwig Maximilians Universitat, Univ. Politecnica de Madrid, University of Washington, University of Tulsa, UCI, CMTFO and CASS, University of California, San Diego, NFRI, Daejeon, Korea, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, Phys. Dept.\& CMSO, Uni. Wisconsin, Madison, Phys. Dept. University of California, Los Angeles, University of Colorado, NYU, CEA/IRFM, University of California, San Diego, Unv. Wisconsin, University of California, Irvine, IPR, Bhat, Gandhinagar, India, Dartmouth College, University of Texas at Austin, EPFL-CRPP, Association Euratom - Swiss Confederation, Lausanne, Switzerland, National Institute for Fusion Science, CMTFO and CASS, University of California , San Diego, CNRS-Universite de Provence, Association Euratom-CEA, Center for Advance Research in Fusion Reactor Engineering, Depatment of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA, National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki, Gifu, Japan, Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka, Japan, PSFC, MIT, LPP-CNRS, CMTFO and CASS, UCSD, IPP, China, SWIP, China, USTC, China, MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, MIT PSFC, MIT, PSFC, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, CompX, Del Mar, CA, CEA, IRFM, Saint Paul-lez-Durance, France, MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, MA, NYU Courant Inst., Lehigh, University of Texas, Austin, UC Irvine, Princeton University, IGSES, Kyushu University, KU Leuven, UT-Austin, NFRI, Korea, CMTFO and CASS, UCSD, USA and WCI Center, NFRI, Korea, NFRI and POSTECH, Korea, University of Montana, University of New Mexico, Columbia University, U Oxford, U Maryland, Columbia University, New York, New York University, USTC, Auburn University, Kyushu University, University of Iowa, SDSC, SciberQuest/UCSD, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Univ. of Maryland, Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA, LBNL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, SLAC, Sandia National Labs, LPGP Orsay, GSI Darmstadt, UCLM Ciudar Real, IPCP Chernogolovka, SNL, Berkeley Research Associates, Beltsville MD, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA, University of Minnesota, Naval Research Laboratory, Icarus Research Inc. and University of Maryand, Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Icarus Research, Inc., Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, Sandia National Laboratories, California, Australian National University, U of York, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA, Lodestar Research Corp., Culham Science Centre, UK, Cornell Univ., FZJ, Auburn University and Global Strategies Group, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, Global Strategies Group (North America), International Institute for Fusion Science, CNRS/Universite de Provence, Centre Universitaire St J\'er\^ome, Case 321, 13397 Marseille, France, Institute for Fusion Studies, Princeton Plasma Physics Lab, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, University of St Andrews, University of Strathclyde, Rice University, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, University of Maryland, Global Strategies Group North America, Inc., Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Hiroshima University, University of Tsukuba, Kyoto Institute of Technology, RFX, RFX Padova, ITALY, Consorzio RFX, Padova, Italy, Plasma Physics Laboratory, P.O.Box 451, Princeton, NJ 08543, Consorzio RFX, Padova - Italy, U. Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin - Madison, University of WI-Madison, Physical Sciences Laboratory, UW-Madison, CMSO, UW-Madison, Department of Physics, UW-Madison, University of Wisconsin, Madison, UW - Madison, Consorzio RFX, EURATOM-ENEA Association, Padova, Italy, Consorzio RFX, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia, BINP, Univ. of Rochester, Budker Inst of Nucl Physics, Russia, Univ Rochester, Univ Wisconsin-Madison, TechX Corp., Purdue U, West Virginia University, University of Notre Dame, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, IN 46556, University of Hyogo, Dept. of Physics, Hanyang University, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Kurita Seisakusyo Co Ltd, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA, Max-Planck-Institut fur Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, Greifswald, D-17491, Germany, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08543, Kyushyu U. Japan, Tokai U. Japan, Institute for Nuclear Research, Ukraine, TUAT Japan, JAXA/ISAS Japan, LIMHP, CNRS-UPR 1311, Universit\'e Paris 13, France, OSU, UNR, Prism, CEA, University of Oxford, IST, Lisbon, STFC-RAL, University of York, LULI-Ecole Polytechnique, ETH Zurich, NBIA, KU \& NBIA, Osaka Univ, Japan, Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, China, NAO, China, LULI, France, York Univ, UK, IOP, China, Lawrence Livermore Nationl Laboratory, LLE, University of Rochester, AOSS, University of Michigan, Centre for energy research, UCSD, USA., TEI, Crete, CLF, RAL, UK., QUB, Belfast, UK., LMU and MPI, Garching, Germany., Imperial College London, UK., Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of St Andrews, Fife, UK, LMU, LANL/LMU, QUB, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, FEE CTU in Prague, Alameda Applied Sciences, Sandia National Laboratories, Weizmann Institute, Ktech Corporation, Imperial College, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, Imperial College, London, UK, Cornell University, Univ. of California at Davis, FOM Institute of Plasma Physics, Kyungbuk National University, CompX Co, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Max Planck Institut fur Plasmaphysik, MIT - PSFC, Imperial College, London, U.S. Army Research Lab, MD, USA, Bartol Research Institute, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, DE, USA, Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita della Calabria, Rende, Italy, Univ. Michigan, Colorado School of Mines, NS Tech, AWE, MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, MA, 02139, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, 08543, Pine Crest High School, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33334, Institute of Applied Physics and Computation Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China, Sensors Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731, U. Rochester, RAL, UK, University of Oxford, UK, Tech. Univ. of Varna, CEA-DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France, Los Alamos National Lab, Institue of Laser Engineering, Osaka, Japan, Plasma Physics Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC, (RSI), Berkeley Research Associates, (SAIC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, ARTEP, inc, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Boston University, University of Delaware, CU, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706 Madison,WI, U. Wisconsin--Madison, U.Wisconsin--Madison, Florida State University, University of Arizona, University of Rochester, LCD, ENSMA, France, U. of Osaka, Japan, IMPMC, Paris, France, LULI, Ecole Polytechnique, France, CEA-DIF, France, Swarthmore College, Simon Fraser University, Texas A\&M University, U. of Michigan, USA, Osaka U., Japan, CEA-DIF, DPTA, France, ILE, Osaka, Japan, Observatoire de Meudon, France, ASIPP, PRC, NFRC, Korea, U Strathclyde, ITER, University of Maryland, College Park, CREATE, Italy, ENEA, CRIOTEC, ENEA, Bologna, Italy, Kurchatov Institute, US ITER Project, ORNL, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Iowa, The University of Iowa, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa City, Iowa 52245, LLE-UR, PSFC-MIT, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France, Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CCFE-Culham, CEA-Cadarache, CRPP-EPFL, Lausanne, U. Tulsa, Johns Hopkins University, U. of Washington, Chair of the USBPO Council, IST, Lebedev Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia, Ktech Corporation, Albuquerque, NM, USA, University of Nevada, Reno, USA, Ktech Corp, Lebedev Physics Institute, Russia, Institute for Fusion Studies, The University of Texas at Austin, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Voss Scientific, Ohio State University, The University of Texas at Austin, IST, Lisbon Portugal, Tech-X Corp., University of Colorado at Bolder and Tech-X Corp., University of Colorado at Boulder and Inst. of Plasma Physics, CAS, Lodestar Research, PSFC MIT, Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, University Kiel, PPPL-Howard University, U. New Mexico, Dept. of Physics, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI, University High, New Roads School, University High School, SUNY College at Oneonta, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan, Plasma Physics Research Center, I. Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Plasma Physics Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Advanced Radiographic Technologies Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Sensors Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, Kobe University, Japan, EMPA - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science \& Technology, Thun, London Metropolitan University, Advanced Energy, Inc., Center for Atomic and Molecular Technologies, Osaka University, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Kumamoto University, U. of Essex, UK, CELIA, France, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, SUNY Geneseo, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, University of Nevada, Reno, Department of Physics, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, U.of Rochester, Univerisity of Texas at Austin, Dpt. Nuclear Eng., Kyoto Univ., IFS, UT at Austin, NIFS, Budker Inst., CCS-2, CCS-7, Lawrence Livermore National Labratory, Princeton Plasma Physics Labratory, Redmond Plasma Physics Laboratory, University of Colorado at Boulder, Nihon University, Tri Alpha Energy, Tri Alpha Energy, Inc., University of Colorado, Boulder, Co, USA, FOM Inst. of Plasma Physics, The Netherlands, UCD, Davis, Ca, USA, FNSPE, Czech Technical University in Prague, Brehova 7, 11519 Prague 1, Czech Republic, Auburn U., FZ-Juelich, U. Wisconsin-Madison, U. Toronto, FarTech, Inc., Lehigh University, Georgia Tech., Dalian U. of Technology, U. York, Southwestern Institute of Physics, EURATOM/UKAEA Fussion Assoc., CSM, DUT, SWIP, IPR, ORISE, USC, Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, University of California, Los Angeles USA, University of Alberta, Lebedev Physics Institute, University of Ottawa, University of ALberta, Tech-X, UNL, University of St.Andrews, UK, CUOS, University of Michigan, Fudan University, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Imperial College, UK, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, CH, U. of California, San Diego, Research Support Instruments, RSI, NIST, ARTEP, Polymath Res. Inc., Res. Support Instru. (RSI), CELIA, Universite Bordeaux, CELIA, Bordeaux, CEA, DAM, DIF, LULI, Ecole Polytechnique, CPHT, Ecole Polytechnique, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA, Wheaton College, Wheaton, IL, USA, Consorzio RFX, Associazione Euratom-ENEA sulla Fusione, C.so Stati Uniti 4, I-35126 Padova, Italy, Consorzio RFX, Associazione Euratom-ENEA sulla Fusione, Padova, Italy, University of Wisconsin-Madison and Center for Magnetic Self-Organization, U. Saskatchewan, U. Tsukuba, Consorzio RFX, Associazione Euratom-ENEA - Padova, Italy, Ill. Inst. Tech., ANL, Lancaster University, UK, Univ. Washington, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Department of Energy Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259 J2-35, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan., consultant, Alameda Applied Sciences Corp., Sandia National Laboratory, Berkeley Scholars, Inc., Plasma Physics Division, Naval Research Laboraory, DOE/NNSA, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, BRA, Naval Research Lab, The Open University of Japan, The University of Tokyo, CICATA-IPN, Third Dimension, JHU, ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN, USA, Univ. Wisconsin Madison, MPE, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Ohio Northern University, The University of Iowa, Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany, JIHT, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127412 Moscow, Russia, Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, ITAP, Christian-Albrechts-Universitaet zu Kiel, Germany, CalTech, NIFS, Jpn, Kobe U., Jpn, Konan U., Jpn, JAMSTEC, Jpn, Celia, University of Bordeaux, Technical University of Madrid, Princeton U., Laboratory for Laser Energetics and Fusion Science Center, U. of Rochester, Univeristy of Milan, U. of Rochester, IFCF-CNR, Univ. Milano, Univ. York, Univ. Alberta, LULI (France), Geneseo, NSTec, IPP Garching, U. Torino, Euratom/CEA, Euratom/CCFE, Aerospace and Energetics Research Program, University of Washington, Plasma and Space Science Center, National Cheng Kung University, The Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, National Fusion Research Institute, HRS Fusion, Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar, India, Association Euratom-CEA, DRFC, CEA Cadarache, 13108 St-Paul-Lez-Durance, France, CNRS-Universite de Provence, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France, University of Science and Technology of China, IFTS, Zhejiang University, China, Culham Laboratory, Oxford University, FAR-TECH Inc., Utah State Univ, Duke University, Yale U., Univeristy of Washington, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, PO Box 451, Princeton, NJ, 08543, U. C. Davis, U. of Warwick, CCFE, United Kingdom, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, CU-Boulder, Lodestar Res. Corp., U-Toronto, UIUC, Columbia, UWa, Purdue, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Icarus, Inc., and UMD, Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan, Univ. of Maryland, CUOS U. of M., Univ. Nebraska, Univ. Texas at Austin, Department of Physics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Dept. of Physics, UT Austin, Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, Univ. of Michigan, Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, CLIA, U. of Bordeaux, ETSIA, UPM, Madrid, Dipartimento SBAI, Universit\`a di Roma La Sapienza and CNISM, Italy, CELIA, U.Rome, Celia CEA

  • M.D. Wilke

    Oncoray, TU Dresden, Germany, Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, FZD, U. Missouri, Sandia NL, U. Nevada, Los Alamos NL, University of Tokyo, UCLA, LANL, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), UES, Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory, St.Petersburg State Mining Institute (Technical University), University of Nevada, Reno, University of Notre Dame, Fusion Science Center and Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, USA, Sciprint.org, Philips Lighting, Blackett Laboratory, Imp. Coll.London, UK, Dep. of Phys., Lund Univ., Sweden, LPGP - Unv. Paris-Sud, Orsay, France, LLNL, CEA/DAM/DIF, CEA, France, Manne Siegbahn Laboratory, Stockholm University, Utsunomiya University, Alme \& Associates, The George Washington University, GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\~ao Nuclear, IST, Lisbon, Portugal, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK, CRPP-EPFL, Euratom Confederation Suisse, Lausanne, Switzerland, IPP, Euratom, Garching, Germany, \"OAW-Euratom, Innsbruck, Austria, Ris{\o}/DTU, Denmark, Consorzio RFX, Euratom-ENEA, Padova, Italy, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, General Atomics, U. Michigan, Uni. Michigan, Voss Sci., NRL, Uni. Oxford, Ohio State Uni., LLE, GSI, ILE (Japan), CLF (UK), UCSD, UCSD/LLNL, Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, Plasma Physics Division, NRL, Washington, DC 20375, CUOS, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, East West Space Science Center, University of Maryland, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NRL, Wash. DC, CUOS, Univ. of Michigan, CUOS, U. of Michigan, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, U. of Rochester, Seoul National University, ORNL, ITER Org., JAEA, Helsinki U., PPPL, ITER Organization, Columbia U., Center for Integrated Computation and Analysis of Reconnection and Turbulence, University of New Hampshire, Nova Photonics, Bergen County Academies, HZ Berlin, Germany, Western Michigan University, USA, SUNY College at Oneona, Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, University of Michigan, A.E., Technion, Israel, SAIC, UC Davis, HyperV Tech. Corp., U. of Alabama, Huntsville, Prism Computational Sciences, FAR-TECH, Inc, Advanced Energy Systems, Voss Scientific, LLC, Hyperv Technologies, HyperV Technologies Corp., U.C., Davis, UNM, UAH, HyperV Technologies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV USA, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA, NumerEx LLC, Albuquerque, NM USA, SAIC, Albuquerque, NM USA, Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM USA, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA, NumerEx LLC, Albuquerque, NM, USA, SAIC, Albuquerque, NM, USA, Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM, USA, Univ NM, Univ. Nevada, Numerex, AFRL-Kirtland, Tech-X Corporation, Utah State University, University of Wisconsin, MIT-PSFC, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of California, Los Angeles, UW-Madison, WI, Physics Department, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 USA, Plasma Fusion Center, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA, National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki 509-5292, Gifu, Japan, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA, ASIPP, UC Berkeley, GA, UKAEA, FAR-TECH, UC-Davis, Institute for Nuclear Research, MPI, U. Wisc.-Madison, Univ. of Texas, Comp-X, CNRS, CompX, UW-Madison, Harvard University, Columbus, Italy, MIT, Uppsala Un., NSC Kharkiv Inst. Phys. \& Tech., ENEA, Italy, Politecnico di Torino, Italy, MIT, Ignitor Project, ANSALDO, The Ohio State University, Rutherford Appleton Lab., Ohio State U., Imperial College London, Univ. of Milan, Instituto Superior Technico, Univ. of Alberta, The Ohio State Univ., Ludwig Maximilians Universitat, Univ. Politecnica de Madrid, University of Washington, University of Tulsa, UCI, CMTFO and CASS, University of California, San Diego, NFRI, Daejeon, Korea, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, Phys. Dept.\& CMSO, Uni. Wisconsin, Madison, Phys. Dept. University of California, Los Angeles, University of Colorado, NYU, CEA/IRFM, University of California, San Diego, Unv. Wisconsin, University of California, Irvine, IPR, Bhat, Gandhinagar, India, Dartmouth College, University of Texas at Austin, EPFL-CRPP, Association Euratom - Swiss Confederation, Lausanne, Switzerland, National Institute for Fusion Science, CMTFO and CASS, University of California , San Diego, CNRS-Universite de Provence, Association Euratom-CEA, Center for Advance Research in Fusion Reactor Engineering, Depatment of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA, National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki, Gifu, Japan, Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka, Japan, PSFC, MIT, LPP-CNRS, CMTFO and CASS, UCSD, IPP, China, SWIP, China, USTC, China, MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, MIT PSFC, MIT, PSFC, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, CompX, Del Mar, CA, CEA, IRFM, Saint Paul-lez-Durance, France, MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, MA, NYU Courant Inst., Lehigh, University of Texas, Austin, UC Irvine, Princeton University, IGSES, Kyushu University, KU Leuven, UT-Austin, NFRI, Korea, CMTFO and CASS, UCSD, USA and WCI Center, NFRI, Korea, NFRI and POSTECH, Korea, University of Montana, University of New Mexico, Columbia University, U Oxford, U Maryland, Columbia University, New York, New York University, USTC, Auburn University, Kyushu University, University of Iowa, SDSC, SciberQuest/UCSD, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Univ. of Maryland, Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA, LBNL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, SLAC, Sandia National Labs, LPGP Orsay, GSI Darmstadt, UCLM Ciudar Real, IPCP Chernogolovka, SNL, Berkeley Research Associates, Beltsville MD, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA, University of Minnesota, Naval Research Laboratory, Icarus Research Inc. and University of Maryand, Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Icarus Research, Inc., Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, Sandia National Laboratories, California, Australian National University, U of York, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA, Lodestar Research Corp., Culham Science Centre, UK, Cornell Univ., FZJ, Auburn University and Global Strategies Group, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, Global Strategies Group (North America), International Institute for Fusion Science, CNRS/Universite de Provence, Centre Universitaire St J\'er\^ome, Case 321, 13397 Marseille, France, Institute for Fusion Studies, Princeton Plasma Physics Lab, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, University of St Andrews, University of Strathclyde, Rice University, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, University of Maryland, Global Strategies Group North America, Inc., Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Hiroshima University, University of Tsukuba, Kyoto Institute of Technology, RFX, RFX Padova, ITALY, Consorzio RFX, Padova, Italy, Plasma Physics Laboratory, P.O.Box 451, Princeton, NJ 08543, Consorzio RFX, Padova - Italy, U. Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin - Madison, University of WI-Madison, Physical Sciences Laboratory, UW-Madison, CMSO, UW-Madison, Department of Physics, UW-Madison, University of Wisconsin, Madison, UW - Madison, Consorzio RFX, EURATOM-ENEA Association, Padova, Italy, Consorzio RFX, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia, BINP, Univ. of Rochester, Budker Inst of Nucl Physics, Russia, Univ Rochester, Univ Wisconsin-Madison, TechX Corp., Purdue U, West Virginia University, University of Notre Dame, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, IN 46556, University of Hyogo, Dept. of Physics, Hanyang University, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Kurita Seisakusyo Co Ltd, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA, Max-Planck-Institut fur Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, Greifswald, D-17491, Germany, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08543, Kyushyu U. Japan, Tokai U. Japan, Institute for Nuclear Research, Ukraine, TUAT Japan, JAXA/ISAS Japan, LIMHP, CNRS-UPR 1311, Universit\'e Paris 13, France, OSU, UNR, Prism, CEA, University of Oxford, IST, Lisbon, STFC-RAL, University of York, LULI-Ecole Polytechnique, ETH Zurich, NBIA, KU \& NBIA, Osaka Univ, Japan, Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, China, NAO, China, LULI, France, York Univ, UK, IOP, China, Lawrence Livermore Nationl Laboratory, LLE, University of Rochester, AOSS, University of Michigan, Centre for energy research, UCSD, USA., TEI, Crete, CLF, RAL, UK., QUB, Belfast, UK., LMU and MPI, Garching, Germany., Imperial College London, UK., Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of St Andrews, Fife, UK, LMU, LANL/LMU, QUB, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, FEE CTU in Prague, Alameda Applied Sciences, Sandia National Laboratories, Weizmann Institute, Ktech Corporation, Imperial College, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, Imperial College, London, UK, Cornell University, Univ. of California at Davis, FOM Institute of Plasma Physics, Kyungbuk National University, CompX Co, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Max Planck Institut fur Plasmaphysik, MIT - PSFC, Imperial College, London, U.S. Army Research Lab, MD, USA, Bartol Research Institute, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, DE, USA, Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita della Calabria, Rende, Italy, Univ. Michigan, Colorado School of Mines, NS Tech, AWE, MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, MA, 02139, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, 08543, Pine Crest High School, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33334, Institute of Applied Physics and Computation Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China, Sensors Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731, U. Rochester, RAL, UK, University of Oxford, UK, Tech. Univ. of Varna, CEA-DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France, Los Alamos National Lab, Institue of Laser Engineering, Osaka, Japan, Plasma Physics Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC, (RSI), Berkeley Research Associates, (SAIC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, ARTEP, inc, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Boston University, University of Delaware, CU, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706 Madison,WI, U. Wisconsin--Madison, U.Wisconsin--Madison, Florida State University, University of Arizona, University of Rochester, LCD, ENSMA, France, U. of Osaka, Japan, IMPMC, Paris, France, LULI, Ecole Polytechnique, France, CEA-DIF, France, Swarthmore College, Simon Fraser University, Texas A\&M University, U. of Michigan, USA, Osaka U., Japan, CEA-DIF, DPTA, France, ILE, Osaka, Japan, Observatoire de Meudon, France, ASIPP, PRC, NFRC, Korea, U Strathclyde, ITER, University of Maryland, College Park, CREATE, Italy, ENEA, CRIOTEC, ENEA, Bologna, Italy, Kurchatov Institute, US ITER Project, ORNL, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Iowa, The University of Iowa, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa City, Iowa 52245, LLE-UR, PSFC-MIT, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France, Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CCFE-Culham, CEA-Cadarache, CRPP-EPFL, Lausanne, U. Tulsa, Johns Hopkins University, U. of Washington, Chair of the USBPO Council, IST, Lebedev Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia, Ktech Corporation, Albuquerque, NM, USA, University of Nevada, Reno, USA, Ktech Corp, Lebedev Physics Institute, Russia, Institute for Fusion Studies, The University of Texas at Austin, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Voss Scientific, Ohio State University, The University of Texas at Austin, IST, Lisbon Portugal, Tech-X Corp., University of Colorado at Bolder and Tech-X Corp., University of Colorado at Boulder and Inst. of Plasma Physics, CAS, Lodestar Research, PSFC MIT, Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, University Kiel, PPPL-Howard University, U. New Mexico, Dept. of Physics, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI, University High, New Roads School, University High School, SUNY College at Oneonta, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan, Plasma Physics Research Center, I. Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Plasma Physics Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Advanced Radiographic Technologies Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Sensors Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, Kobe University, Japan, EMPA - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science \& Technology, Thun, London Metropolitan University, Advanced Energy, Inc., Center for Atomic and Molecular Technologies, Osaka University, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Kumamoto University, U. of Essex, UK, CELIA, France, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, SUNY Geneseo, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, University of Nevada, Reno, Department of Physics, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, U.of Rochester, Univerisity of Texas at Austin, Dpt. Nuclear Eng., Kyoto Univ., IFS, UT at Austin, NIFS, Budker Inst., CCS-2, CCS-7, Lawrence Livermore National Labratory, Princeton Plasma Physics Labratory, Redmond Plasma Physics Laboratory, University of Colorado at Boulder, Nihon University, Tri Alpha Energy, Tri Alpha Energy, Inc., University of Colorado, Boulder, Co, USA, FOM Inst. of Plasma Physics, The Netherlands, UCD, Davis, Ca, USA, FNSPE, Czech Technical University in Prague, Brehova 7, 11519 Prague 1, Czech Republic, Auburn U., FZ-Juelich, U. Wisconsin-Madison, U. Toronto, FarTech, Inc., Lehigh University, Georgia Tech., Dalian U. of Technology, U. York, Southwestern Institute of Physics, EURATOM/UKAEA Fussion Assoc., CSM, DUT, SWIP, IPR, ORISE, USC, Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, University of California, Los Angeles USA, University of Alberta, Lebedev Physics Institute, University of Ottawa, University of ALberta, Tech-X, UNL, University of St.Andrews, UK, CUOS, University of Michigan, Fudan University, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Imperial College, UK, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, CH, U. of California, San Diego, Research Support Instruments, RSI, NIST, ARTEP, Polymath Res. Inc., Res. Support Instru. (RSI), CELIA, Universite Bordeaux, CELIA, Bordeaux, CEA, DAM, DIF, LULI, Ecole Polytechnique, CPHT, Ecole Polytechnique, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA, Wheaton College, Wheaton, IL, USA, Consorzio RFX, Associazione Euratom-ENEA sulla Fusione, C.so Stati Uniti 4, I-35126 Padova, Italy, Consorzio RFX, Associazione Euratom-ENEA sulla Fusione, Padova, Italy, University of Wisconsin-Madison and Center for Magnetic Self-Organization, U. Saskatchewan, U. Tsukuba, Consorzio RFX, Associazione Euratom-ENEA - Padova, Italy, Ill. Inst. Tech., ANL, Lancaster University, UK, Univ. Washington, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Department of Energy Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259 J2-35, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan., consultant, Alameda Applied Sciences Corp., Sandia National Laboratory, Berkeley Scholars, Inc., Plasma Physics Division, Naval Research Laboraory, DOE/NNSA, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, BRA, Naval Research Lab, The Open University of Japan, The University of Tokyo, CICATA-IPN, Third Dimension, JHU, ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN, USA, Univ. Wisconsin Madison, MPE, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Ohio Northern University, The University of Iowa, Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany, JIHT, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127412 Moscow, Russia, Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, ITAP, Christian-Albrechts-Universitaet zu Kiel, Germany, CalTech, NIFS, Jpn, Kobe U., Jpn, Konan U., Jpn, JAMSTEC, Jpn, Celia, University of Bordeaux, Technical University of Madrid, Princeton U., Laboratory for Laser Energetics and Fusion Science Center, U. of Rochester, Univeristy of Milan, U. of Rochester, IFCF-CNR, Univ. Milano, Univ. York, Univ. Alberta, LULI (France), Geneseo, NSTec, IPP Garching, U. Torino, Euratom/CEA, Euratom/CCFE, Aerospace and Energetics Research Program, University of Washington, Plasma and Space Science Center, National Cheng Kung University, The Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, National Fusion Research Institute, HRS Fusion, Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar, India, Association Euratom-CEA, DRFC, CEA Cadarache, 13108 St-Paul-Lez-Durance, France, CNRS-Universite de Provence, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France, University of Science and Technology of China, IFTS, Zhejiang University, China, Culham Laboratory, Oxford University, FAR-TECH Inc., Utah State Univ, Duke University, Yale U., Univeristy of Washington, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, PO Box 451, Princeton, NJ, 08543, U. C. Davis, U. of Warwick, CCFE, United Kingdom, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, CU-Boulder, Lodestar Res. Corp., U-Toronto, UIUC, Columbia, UWa, Purdue, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Icarus, Inc., and UMD, Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan, Univ. of Maryland, CUOS U. of M., Univ. Nebraska, Univ. Texas at Austin, Department of Physics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Dept. of Physics, UT Austin, Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, Univ. of Michigan, Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, CLIA, U. of Bordeaux, ETSIA, UPM, Madrid, Dipartimento SBAI, Universit\`a di Roma La Sapienza and CNISM, Italy, CELIA, U.Rome, Celia CEA