Heavy Flavor and Strangeness Production in Jets in the Vacuum and in the Nuclear Medium

In this talk I will discuss flavor production in lepton-hadron, hadron-hadron, lepton-nucleus, and nucleus-nucleus collisions.  Run 3 of the Large Hadron Collider, the continued operation of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, and the rapid progress toward the Electron Ion Collider will provide new and, in many cases, unprecedented opportunities to test Quantum Chromodynamics, understand the physics of hadronization, and advance the many-body physics of hadron and jet production in the nuclear environment. Flavor production, including strangeness, charm, and beauty, can give unique insights into the role of mass in the formation of parton showers, complement our understanding of how energy and matter are transported in strongly-interacting matter, and place constraints on  the non-perturbative processes of fragmentation and particle absorption. I will discuss the similarities and differences in the physics of hard probes in the quark-gluon plasmas of the early universe and in cold nuclear matter on using examples of hadron and jet cross sections and jet substructure.