Quantum dots and liquid scintillators in neutrino-less double beta decay searches

Diana Gooding; Corina Andreoiu; Corina Andreoiu; Corina Andreoiu

Quantum dots and liquid scintillators in neutrino-less double beta decay searches

ORAL

Abstract

Liquid-scintillator detectors make neutrino measurements at around 1 MeV with energy resolution of \textasciitilde 5{\%} -a factor of two better than water Cherenkov detectors, and just as scalable from 1 ton to 1 kiloton. At this energy, however, the scintillation light is isotropic and cannot provide enough information to reconstruct the trajectories of outgoing particles. While most of the Cherenkov light produced is absorbed and reemitted by the scintillator, a fraction of it propagates through the detector, retaining its directional information. Separating these scintillation and Cherenkov signals requires fast photo detectors and an ability to tune the spectral response of the scintillator. Along this front, quantum dots have emerged as promising wavelength shifters, since their size and thus fluorescence properties are highly tunable. Most importantly, these quantum dots can be made of candidate isotopes for neutrino-less double beta decay, and then suspended in standard scintillators like linear alkyl benzenes. This talk outlines the optical characterization and performance of quantum-dot-doped liquid scintillator.

Oct. 16, 2016, 2:18 PM – Oct. 16, 2016, 2:30 PM

Authors

Diana Gooding

Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Corina Andreoiu

Toyota Central Research and Development Lab., Inc., University of Notre Dame, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, UCLA, Oak Ridge Nat'l Lab., Univ., Of Illinois, Univ., Of Kentucky, Los Alamos Nat'l Lab., Valparaiso Univ., Brown Univ., California Inst., Of Tech., Drake University, University of Idaho, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, Trento, Italy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA, Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen, Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen, TRIUMF, University of Guelph, Ludwig Maximilian Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen, LLNL, Univ of Notre Dame, Univ of Manitoba, ANL, McGill Univ, LBL, LSU, UC Berkeley, Univ of Chicago, University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Tsinghua University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Vanderbilt University, Colorado School of Mines, Rutgers Univ., Tennessee Technological Univ., Louisiana State University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Rutgers University, University of Tennessee, Univ of Guelph, Indiana University South Bend, iThemba LABS, University of Oslo, University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, TRIUMF / UBC, TRIUMF / UVic, University of British Columbia, Canada, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, TRIUMF, Canada, UBC,TRIUMF, Lab.for Muon Spin Spectroscopy,Paul Scherrer Institute, UBC, U. Calgary, York U., Purdue U., U. British Columbia, U. Swansea, Simon Fraser U., Aarhus U., U. British Columbia/TRIUMF, U. Manchester, Dept., of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Giessen University, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, St Mary's Univ., Univ., of Guelph, RCNP Osaka, Osaka Univ., RCNP Osaka, Univ., of Edinburgh, Inha Univ., Dalhousie Univ., St Mary's Univ., KEK, McMaster Univ., Simon Fraser Univ., Univ of California - Berkeley, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Hong Kong, Dept. of Physics, WMU, Dept. of Chemistry and Physics, WashU - Saint Louis, NSCL, Michigan State University, Weizmann Institute, University of Birmingham, University of Michigan, University of Manitoba, Argonne National Laboratory, McGill University, University of Chicago, LANL, Passport Systems Inc., UMass-Lowell, Rutgers, Univ. Wisconsin - LaCrosse, UTK, ORNL, Simon Fraser University, University of British Columbia, North Carolina State University, Hamilton College, Princeton University, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Univ. of Tennessee Knoxville, Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, Universite Paris-Sud, University of Kentucky, Georgia Institute of Technology, St. Mary's University, Vaderbillt University, ORAU, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, UNAM, Tennessee Technological University, Instituut voor Kern-en Stralingsfysica, KU Leuven, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Texas A$\&$M University, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Indiana University Bloomington, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Oak Ridge National Lab, Louisiana State Univ, Univ of Michigan, Tel Aviv University, Texas A\,\&\,M University, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, NSCL, Paul Scherrer Institute, CAEN, University of Washington, JINP, Russia, Yale Univ, Univ Kentucky, Indiana Univ - Bloomington, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Michigan State Univ., Argonne Nat'l Lab., Univ., of Science and Technology of China, Univ., of Kentucky, University of Massachusetts Amherst, University of New Hampshire, UT-Knoxville, NSCL/MSU, Univ of Tennessee, Univ of Warsaw, Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Nat'l Superconducting Cyclotron Lab., Central Michigan Univ., Univ., of Notre Dame, ANU, Phys. Div., Argonne National Lab., Phys. Div., Oak Ridge National Lab., Dep. Chem., Augustana Univ., Helmholtz Insti. Jena, FRIB/Dep. Chem., MSU, NSCL/Dep. Phys. & Astron., MSU, Insti. f$\ddot{\rm u}$r Kernphysik, TU Darmstadt, U. Michigan, U. Notre Dame, University of Winnipeg, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Harvard University, CERN, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Okayama University, University of Northern British Columbia, Arizona State University, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, University of Glasgow, Virginia Tech, Osaka Unviersity, Universidad Nacional Aut\'{o}noma de Mexico, Tel Aviv U., U. Manitoba, Texas A&M U., Cyclotron Institute Texas A&M Univ, TAMU, MSU, Michigan State University / NSCL, CEA-Saclay, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Washington University, Florida State University, FRIB/Dep. of Chem., MSU, Insti. f{\"u}r Kernphysik, TU Darmstadt, NSCL/Dep. of Phys. and Astron., MSU, NSCL/Dep. Chem., MSU, Dep. of Chem., Augustana Univ., Ohio State Univ., Ohio Univ., Univ. of Washington, The University of British Columbia, University of Victoria, Canada, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Germany, Universtity of Brittish Columbia, Canada, Universtity of Waterloo, Canada, University of Ottawa, Canada, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada, RCNP, Osaka university, Japan, The University of Winnipeg, Canada, KEK, Tsukuba, Japan, University of Waterloo, Canada, University of California at Berkeley, University of Calgary, University of California at Berkeley and University of Calgary, York University, University of California at Berkeley and CRPP, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, TRIUMF and University of Manitoba, Canada, TRIUMF and UBC, Canada, ECT* and INFN, Italy, Gonzaga University, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory/Michigan State University, BNL, UML, Black Hills State University, Univ of Texas, El Paso, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Universidad Autonoma de Ciudad Juarez, University of Notre Dame Rare Books and Special Collections Department, University of Notre Dame Department of Physics, United States Naval Academy, University of Dallas, Univ. of Notre Dame, Univ. of Richmond, Ohio University, UNC Experimental Nuclear and Astroparticle Physics Group, Duke University, Texas A&M University, North Carolina State Univ, Translume, NSCL/FRIB, Louisiana Sate University, Argonne National Lab, NSCL/Dep. of Chem., MSU, NSCL, MSU, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, CET, Mody University, Inter University Accelerator Center, Department of Physics, Panjab University, Tennessee Tech Univ, Los Alamos National Laboratory, INFN Genova, University of Maryland, Oregon State University, University of Surrey, Saint Mary's University, Universidad Nacional autonoma de Mexico, Dalhousie University, McMaster University, Texas AM Univ, Florida State Univ, Yale University, LBNL, Nihon University, University of Tokyo, GANIL, TU Darmstadt, York, TU Darmstadt, RCNP, Osaka, Michigan State University/National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, FSU, MSU,NSCL, Michigan State University, Massachusetts Inst of Tech-MIT, Indiana University, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Texas A&M Universsity, University of Richmond, Duke University and TUNL, UND and JINA, UH, HITS, OU, INFN, MIT, LLE, GA, Indiana Univ., AWE, Aix Marseille University, Temple University, Argonne Natl Lab, Ohio U., ANl, CSNSM Orsay, U. Tennessee, U. Rochester, U. Maryland, Georgia Tech, Central Michigan University
Corina Andreoiu

Toyota Central Research and Development Lab., Inc., University of Notre Dame, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, UCLA, Oak Ridge Nat'l Lab., Univ., Of Illinois, Univ., Of Kentucky, Los Alamos Nat'l Lab., Valparaiso Univ., Brown Univ., California Inst., Of Tech., Drake University, University of Idaho, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, Trento, Italy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA, Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen, Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen, TRIUMF, University of Guelph, Ludwig Maximilian Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen, LLNL, Univ of Notre Dame, Univ of Manitoba, ANL, McGill Univ, LBL, LSU, UC Berkeley, Univ of Chicago, University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Tsinghua University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Vanderbilt University, Colorado School of Mines, Rutgers Univ., Tennessee Technological Univ., Louisiana State University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Rutgers University, University of Tennessee, Univ of Guelph, Indiana University South Bend, iThemba LABS, University of Oslo, University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, TRIUMF / UBC, TRIUMF / UVic, University of British Columbia, Canada, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, TRIUMF, Canada, UBC,TRIUMF, Lab.for Muon Spin Spectroscopy,Paul Scherrer Institute, UBC, U. Calgary, York U., Purdue U., U. British Columbia, U. Swansea, Simon Fraser U., Aarhus U., U. British Columbia/TRIUMF, U. Manchester, Dept., of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Giessen University, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, St Mary's Univ., Univ., of Guelph, RCNP Osaka, Osaka Univ., RCNP Osaka, Univ., of Edinburgh, Inha Univ., Dalhousie Univ., St Mary's Univ., KEK, McMaster Univ., Simon Fraser Univ., Univ of California - Berkeley, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Hong Kong, Dept. of Physics, WMU, Dept. of Chemistry and Physics, WashU - Saint Louis, NSCL, Michigan State University, Weizmann Institute, University of Birmingham, University of Michigan, University of Manitoba, Argonne National Laboratory, McGill University, University of Chicago, LANL, Passport Systems Inc., UMass-Lowell, Rutgers, Univ. Wisconsin - LaCrosse, UTK, ORNL, Simon Fraser University, University of British Columbia, North Carolina State University, Hamilton College, Princeton University, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Univ. of Tennessee Knoxville, Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, Universite Paris-Sud, University of Kentucky, Georgia Institute of Technology, St. Mary's University, Vaderbillt University, ORAU, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, UNAM, Tennessee Technological University, Instituut voor Kern-en Stralingsfysica, KU Leuven, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Texas A$\&$M University, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Indiana University Bloomington, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Oak Ridge National Lab, Louisiana State Univ, Univ of Michigan, Tel Aviv University, Texas A\,\&\,M University, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, NSCL, Paul Scherrer Institute, CAEN, University of Washington, JINP, Russia, Yale Univ, Univ Kentucky, Indiana Univ - Bloomington, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Michigan State Univ., Argonne Nat'l Lab., Univ., of Science and Technology of China, Univ., of Kentucky, University of Massachusetts Amherst, University of New Hampshire, UT-Knoxville, NSCL/MSU, Univ of Tennessee, Univ of Warsaw, Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Nat'l Superconducting Cyclotron Lab., Central Michigan Univ., Univ., of Notre Dame, ANU, Phys. Div., Argonne National Lab., Phys. Div., Oak Ridge National Lab., Dep. Chem., Augustana Univ., Helmholtz Insti. Jena, FRIB/Dep. Chem., MSU, NSCL/Dep. Phys. & Astron., MSU, Insti. f$\ddot{\rm u}$r Kernphysik, TU Darmstadt, U. Michigan, U. Notre Dame, University of Winnipeg, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Harvard University, CERN, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Okayama University, University of Northern British Columbia, Arizona State University, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, University of Glasgow, Virginia Tech, Osaka Unviersity, Universidad Nacional Aut\'{o}noma de Mexico, Tel Aviv U., U. Manitoba, Texas A&M U., Cyclotron Institute Texas A&M Univ, TAMU, MSU, Michigan State University / NSCL, CEA-Saclay, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Washington University, Florida State University, FRIB/Dep. of Chem., MSU, Insti. f{\"u}r Kernphysik, TU Darmstadt, NSCL/Dep. of Phys. and Astron., MSU, NSCL/Dep. Chem., MSU, Dep. of Chem., Augustana Univ., Ohio State Univ., Ohio Univ., Univ. of Washington, The University of British Columbia, University of Victoria, Canada, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Germany, Universtity of Brittish Columbia, Canada, Universtity of Waterloo, Canada, University of Ottawa, Canada, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada, RCNP, Osaka university, Japan, The University of Winnipeg, Canada, KEK, Tsukuba, Japan, University of Waterloo, Canada, University of California at Berkeley, University of Calgary, University of California at Berkeley and University of Calgary, York University, University of California at Berkeley and CRPP, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, TRIUMF and University of Manitoba, Canada, TRIUMF and UBC, Canada, ECT* and INFN, Italy, Gonzaga University, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory/Michigan State University, BNL, UML, Black Hills State University, Univ of Texas, El Paso, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Universidad Autonoma de Ciudad Juarez, University of Notre Dame Rare Books and Special Collections Department, University of Notre Dame Department of Physics, United States Naval Academy, University of Dallas, Univ. of Notre Dame, Univ. of Richmond, Ohio University, UNC Experimental Nuclear and Astroparticle Physics Group, Duke University, Texas A&M University, North Carolina State Univ, Translume, NSCL/FRIB, Louisiana Sate University, Argonne National Lab, NSCL/Dep. of Chem., MSU, NSCL, MSU, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, CET, Mody University, Inter University Accelerator Center, Department of Physics, Panjab University, Tennessee Tech Univ, Los Alamos National Laboratory, INFN Genova, University of Maryland, Oregon State University, University of Surrey, Saint Mary's University, Universidad Nacional autonoma de Mexico, Dalhousie University, McMaster University, Texas AM Univ, Florida State Univ, Yale University, LBNL, Nihon University, University of Tokyo, GANIL, TU Darmstadt, York, TU Darmstadt, RCNP, Osaka, Michigan State University/National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, FSU, MSU,NSCL, Michigan State University, Massachusetts Inst of Tech-MIT, Indiana University, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Texas A&M Universsity, University of Richmond, Duke University and TUNL, UND and JINA, UH, HITS, OU, INFN, MIT, LLE, GA, Indiana Univ., AWE, Aix Marseille University, Temple University, Argonne Natl Lab, Ohio U., ANl, CSNSM Orsay, U. Tennessee, U. Rochester, U. Maryland, Georgia Tech, Central Michigan University
Corina Andreoiu

Toyota Central Research and Development Lab., Inc., University of Notre Dame, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, UCLA, Oak Ridge Nat'l Lab., Univ., Of Illinois, Univ., Of Kentucky, Los Alamos Nat'l Lab., Valparaiso Univ., Brown Univ., California Inst., Of Tech., Drake University, University of Idaho, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, Trento, Italy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA, Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen, Technische Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen, TRIUMF, University of Guelph, Ludwig Maximilian Universit\"{a}t M\"{u}nchen, LLNL, Univ of Notre Dame, Univ of Manitoba, ANL, McGill Univ, LBL, LSU, UC Berkeley, Univ of Chicago, University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Tsinghua University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Vanderbilt University, Colorado School of Mines, Rutgers Univ., Tennessee Technological Univ., Louisiana State University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Rutgers University, University of Tennessee, Univ of Guelph, Indiana University South Bend, iThemba LABS, University of Oslo, University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, TRIUMF / UBC, TRIUMF / UVic, University of British Columbia, Canada, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, TRIUMF, Canada, UBC,TRIUMF, Lab.for Muon Spin Spectroscopy,Paul Scherrer Institute, UBC, U. Calgary, York U., Purdue U., U. British Columbia, U. Swansea, Simon Fraser U., Aarhus U., U. British Columbia/TRIUMF, U. Manchester, Dept., of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Giessen University, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, St Mary's Univ., Univ., of Guelph, RCNP Osaka, Osaka Univ., RCNP Osaka, Univ., of Edinburgh, Inha Univ., Dalhousie Univ., St Mary's Univ., KEK, McMaster Univ., Simon Fraser Univ., Univ of California - Berkeley, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Hong Kong, Dept. of Physics, WMU, Dept. of Chemistry and Physics, WashU - Saint Louis, NSCL, Michigan State University, Weizmann Institute, University of Birmingham, University of Michigan, University of Manitoba, Argonne National Laboratory, McGill University, University of Chicago, LANL, Passport Systems Inc., UMass-Lowell, Rutgers, Univ. Wisconsin - LaCrosse, UTK, ORNL, Simon Fraser University, University of British Columbia, North Carolina State University, Hamilton College, Princeton University, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Univ. of Tennessee Knoxville, Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, Universite Paris-Sud, University of Kentucky, Georgia Institute of Technology, St. Mary's University, Vaderbillt University, ORAU, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, UNAM, Tennessee Technological University, Instituut voor Kern-en Stralingsfysica, KU Leuven, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Texas A$\&$M University, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Indiana University Bloomington, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Oak Ridge National Lab, Louisiana State Univ, Univ of Michigan, Tel Aviv University, Texas A\,\&\,M University, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, NSCL, Paul Scherrer Institute, CAEN, University of Washington, JINP, Russia, Yale Univ, Univ Kentucky, Indiana Univ - Bloomington, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Michigan State Univ., Argonne Nat'l Lab., Univ., of Science and Technology of China, Univ., of Kentucky, University of Massachusetts Amherst, University of New Hampshire, UT-Knoxville, NSCL/MSU, Univ of Tennessee, Univ of Warsaw, Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Nat'l Superconducting Cyclotron Lab., Central Michigan Univ., Univ., of Notre Dame, ANU, Phys. Div., Argonne National Lab., Phys. Div., Oak Ridge National Lab., Dep. Chem., Augustana Univ., Helmholtz Insti. Jena, FRIB/Dep. Chem., MSU, NSCL/Dep. Phys. & Astron., MSU, Insti. f$\ddot{\rm u}$r Kernphysik, TU Darmstadt, U. Michigan, U. Notre Dame, University of Winnipeg, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Harvard University, CERN, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Okayama University, University of Northern British Columbia, Arizona State University, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, University of Glasgow, Virginia Tech, Osaka Unviersity, Universidad Nacional Aut\'{o}noma de Mexico, Tel Aviv U., U. Manitoba, Texas A&M U., Cyclotron Institute Texas A&M Univ, TAMU, MSU, Michigan State University / NSCL, CEA-Saclay, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Washington University, Florida State University, FRIB/Dep. of Chem., MSU, Insti. f{\"u}r Kernphysik, TU Darmstadt, NSCL/Dep. of Phys. and Astron., MSU, NSCL/Dep. Chem., MSU, Dep. of Chem., Augustana Univ., Ohio State Univ., Ohio Univ., Univ. of Washington, The University of British Columbia, University of Victoria, Canada, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Germany, Universtity of Brittish Columbia, Canada, Universtity of Waterloo, Canada, University of Ottawa, Canada, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada, RCNP, Osaka university, Japan, The University of Winnipeg, Canada, KEK, Tsukuba, Japan, University of Waterloo, Canada, University of California at Berkeley, University of Calgary, University of California at Berkeley and University of Calgary, York University, University of California at Berkeley and CRPP, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, TRIUMF and University of Manitoba, Canada, TRIUMF and UBC, Canada, ECT* and INFN, Italy, Gonzaga University, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory/Michigan State University, BNL, UML, Black Hills State University, Univ of Texas, El Paso, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Universidad Autonoma de Ciudad Juarez, University of Notre Dame Rare Books and Special Collections Department, University of Notre Dame Department of Physics, United States Naval Academy, University of Dallas, Univ. of Notre Dame, Univ. of Richmond, Ohio University, UNC Experimental Nuclear and Astroparticle Physics Group, Duke University, Texas A&M University, North Carolina State Univ, Translume, NSCL/FRIB, Louisiana Sate University, Argonne National Lab, NSCL/Dep. of Chem., MSU, NSCL, MSU, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, CET, Mody University, Inter University Accelerator Center, Department of Physics, Panjab University, Tennessee Tech Univ, Los Alamos National Laboratory, INFN Genova, University of Maryland, Oregon State University, University of Surrey, Saint Mary's University, Universidad Nacional autonoma de Mexico, Dalhousie University, McMaster University, Texas AM Univ, Florida State Univ, Yale University, LBNL, Nihon University, University of Tokyo, GANIL, TU Darmstadt, York, TU Darmstadt, RCNP, Osaka, Michigan State University/National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, FSU, MSU,NSCL, Michigan State University, Massachusetts Inst of Tech-MIT, Indiana University, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Texas A&M Universsity, University of Richmond, Duke University and TUNL, UND and JINA, UH, HITS, OU, INFN, MIT, LLE, GA, Indiana Univ., AWE, Aix Marseille University, Temple University, Argonne Natl Lab, Ohio U., ANl, CSNSM Orsay, U. Tennessee, U. Rochester, U. Maryland, Georgia Tech, Central Michigan University