Removal of Long-Lived Radon Daughters by Electropolishing Thin Layers of Stainless Steel

POSTER

Abstract

Long-lived alpha and beta emitters in the Radon decay chain on detector surfaces may be limiting background in many experiments attempting to detect dark matter or neutrinoless double beta decay. To screen detector surfaces for this radioactive contamination, a low-radiation, multi-wire proportional chamber (the BetaCage) is under construction. Removal of Pb-210 implanted on its 25-micron stainless steel wires without causing significant variation in the diameter of the wires is critical to the BetaCage's ultimate sensitivity. An apparatus to perform electropolishing trials to remove roughly a micron of material has been assembled. These trials have shown promising results. Stainless steel square samples implanted with Pb-210 have shown counts with a reduction factor greater than 10 after electropolishing according to gamma assay. Furthermore, alpha counting has produced similar results, with a reduction factor greater than 100. Lastly, the diameters of wires after electropolishing have remained sufficiently uniform, with reduction in thickness consistent with expectations.

Authors

  • James White

    Syracuse University

  • Richard Schnee

    Syracuse University

  • Raymond Bunker

    Syracuse University

  • Michael Bowles

    Syracuse University

  • Adam Bernstein

    Indiana University, University of California, San Diego, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Jefferson Lab, University of Virginia, Ohio University, Los Alamos National Lab, Yale University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee Technological University, Colorado School of Mines, Louisiana State University, University of Tennessee, Rutgers University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, UC Berkeley, RCNP, Osaka Univ., Osaka 567-0047, U of ND, ND, IN-46556, Dept. of Phys., Tohoku Univ., Sendai 980-8578, Univ. of ND, ND, IN-46556, Dept. of Phys., Kyoto Univ., Kyoto 606-8502, Dept. of Phys., Konan Univ., Kobe 568-8501, JAEA, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan, CNS, Univ. of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, CYRIC, Tohoku Univ., Sendai 980-8578, Japan, Dept. of Phys., Konan Univ., Kobe, 568-8501, Japan, RCNP, Osaka Univ., Osaka 567-0047, Japan, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory and Western Michigan Univesity, Laboratorio Tandar, Argentina, Michigan State University, Texas A\&M University, National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, WNSL, TAMU, LLNL, University of Richmond, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Maryland, Univerisity of Massachusetts Lowell, University of Massachusetts Lowell, U.S. Naval Academy, CSNSM, University of Jyvaskyla, University of Edinburgh, University of Kentucky, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, ORNL Reactor and Nuclear Systems Division, Tennessee Tech. Univ., Beihang Univ., ANL, U. Chicago/ANL, U. Manitoba, Northwestern U., McGill U./ANL, Department of Applied Mathematics and Sciences, Khalifa University of Science, Technology \& Research, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, NSCL, JINA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, Physics Department, Kalamazoo College, Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, Uppsala University, Kocaeli University, University of Notre Dame, College of William and Mary, U. San Luis Potosi, U. Maryland, TRIUMF, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud-INFN, RIKEN Nishina Center, CEA-DAM, Yale University, USA, University of Cologne, Germany, University of Richmond, USA, Yale University, USA / TU Darmstadt \& GSI, Germany, Yale University, USA / University of Cologne, Germany, US Naval Academy, Department of Physics, U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA, Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, India, Univ. of Tennessee, NBI, Denmark, Mississippi State Univ., Univ. of Tennessee (Knoxville), Mississippi State University, Univ. of Kentucky, Univ. of Notre Dame, Univ. of Wisconsin - La Crosse, STARS-LIBERACE Collaboration, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Sandia National Laboratory, UC Davis, University of Connecticut, University of Massachusetts Amherst, California State University, Long Beach, University of Manitoba, Institut fuer Kernphysik, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany, Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA, Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA/NSCL, MSU, USA, Brookhaven National Laboratory, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, UGCDAE-CSR, Kolkata, India, SINP, Kolkata, India, BARC, Mumbai, India, TIFR, Mumbai, India, CSNSM, U P-Sud and CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France, ANL, Argonne, USA, U of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, LANL, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA, United States Naval Academy, USA, University of Dallas, USA, University of Guelph, Canada, University of Kentucky, USA, University Santiago de Compestela, Spain, Hope College, NSCL, Michigan State University, University of North Florida, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Florida State University, INFN, NSCL/Michigan State Univ, Department of Physics and the Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, University of Notre Dame, Duke University and TUNL, Duke University, North Carolina State University and TUNL, GSI, FIAS, TU-Darmstadt, Physics Department E12, TU Munich, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Institute for Nuclear Physics, University of Cologne, NSCL, NSCL/Rutgers University, ORNL, University of Tennessee/LLNL, University of Tennessee/TRIUMF, Sungkyunkwan University/ORNL, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, George Washington University, York U., IKP Cologne, NSCL/MSU, Radiation Monitoring Devices Inc., Colorado Sch. Mines, Rutgers, Louisiana State U., U. Tenn., University of California at Davis, Hartnell College, Takeyasu Ito, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Old Dominion University, JLab, SUNY Geneseo, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Houghton College, Western Michigan University, Washington University in St. Louis, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, US Army Research Laboratory, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZE, United Kingdom, Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington, WA4 4AD, United Kingdom, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA, US Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD 20783, USA, Union College, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, University of California, Berkeley, None, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, University of South Dakota, University of Minnesota, Regis University, TTU, UTK, MSU/NSCL, UW-La Crosse, ORAU, Ohio Wesleyan University, Texas A\&M University Cyclotron Institute, NSCL, MSU, RIKEN, Indiana University South Bend, University of Wisconsin La Crosse, Collider-Accelerator Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Laboratory for Nuclear Science, MIT, Jefferson Laboratory, Duke Biology Dept., TUNL, North Georgia State University, LSU, Col. School Mines, University of Manchester, U. of M., U. of M./ANL, ANL/Florida State University, Central Michigan University, NSCL/Michigan State University, LBNL, U. of Rochester, PHDs Co, The Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Indiana University, South Bend, IN 46634, USA, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), University of Arizona, U.Chicago/JINA, Western Michigan, Grand Accelerateur d Ions Lourds, Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Drake University, Florida State Florida, North Carolina State Univ. and TUNL, AWE, Laboratory for Nuclear Science and Dept. of Physics, MIT, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Kentucky, Gettysburg College, Concordia College, Louisiana State, Michigan State, Argonne National Laboratory and University of Chicago and JINA, Western Michigan University and Argonne National Laboratory, Aarhus University, Univ. Richmond, St. Marys, Rutgers University and University of Surrey, California Science \& Engineering Corporation, McGill U., ANL, Northwestern U., ANL, UChicago, LLNL, UC Berkeley, University of California Berkeley, University of Liverpool, Pennsylvania State University

  • Adam Bernstein

    Indiana University, University of California, San Diego, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Jefferson Lab, University of Virginia, Ohio University, Los Alamos National Lab, Yale University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee Technological University, Colorado School of Mines, Louisiana State University, University of Tennessee, Rutgers University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, UC Berkeley, RCNP, Osaka Univ., Osaka 567-0047, U of ND, ND, IN-46556, Dept. of Phys., Tohoku Univ., Sendai 980-8578, Univ. of ND, ND, IN-46556, Dept. of Phys., Kyoto Univ., Kyoto 606-8502, Dept. of Phys., Konan Univ., Kobe 568-8501, JAEA, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan, CNS, Univ. of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, CYRIC, Tohoku Univ., Sendai 980-8578, Japan, Dept. of Phys., Konan Univ., Kobe, 568-8501, Japan, RCNP, Osaka Univ., Osaka 567-0047, Japan, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory and Western Michigan Univesity, Laboratorio Tandar, Argentina, Michigan State University, Texas A\&M University, National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, WNSL, TAMU, LLNL, University of Richmond, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Maryland, Univerisity of Massachusetts Lowell, University of Massachusetts Lowell, U.S. Naval Academy, CSNSM, University of Jyvaskyla, University of Edinburgh, University of Kentucky, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, ORNL Reactor and Nuclear Systems Division, Tennessee Tech. Univ., Beihang Univ., ANL, U. Chicago/ANL, U. Manitoba, Northwestern U., McGill U./ANL, Department of Applied Mathematics and Sciences, Khalifa University of Science, Technology \& Research, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, NSCL, JINA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, Physics Department, Kalamazoo College, Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, Uppsala University, Kocaeli University, University of Notre Dame, College of William and Mary, U. San Luis Potosi, U. Maryland, TRIUMF, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud-INFN, RIKEN Nishina Center, CEA-DAM, Yale University, USA, University of Cologne, Germany, University of Richmond, USA, Yale University, USA / TU Darmstadt \& GSI, Germany, Yale University, USA / University of Cologne, Germany, US Naval Academy, Department of Physics, U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA, Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, India, Univ. of Tennessee, NBI, Denmark, Mississippi State Univ., Univ. of Tennessee (Knoxville), Mississippi State University, Univ. of Kentucky, Univ. of Notre Dame, Univ. of Wisconsin - La Crosse, STARS-LIBERACE Collaboration, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Sandia National Laboratory, UC Davis, University of Connecticut, University of Massachusetts Amherst, California State University, Long Beach, University of Manitoba, Institut fuer Kernphysik, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany, Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA, Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA/NSCL, MSU, USA, Brookhaven National Laboratory, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, UGCDAE-CSR, Kolkata, India, SINP, Kolkata, India, BARC, Mumbai, India, TIFR, Mumbai, India, CSNSM, U P-Sud and CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France, ANL, Argonne, USA, U of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, LANL, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA, United States Naval Academy, USA, University of Dallas, USA, University of Guelph, Canada, University of Kentucky, USA, University Santiago de Compestela, Spain, Hope College, NSCL, Michigan State University, University of North Florida, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Florida State University, INFN, NSCL/Michigan State Univ, Department of Physics and the Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, University of Notre Dame, Duke University and TUNL, Duke University, North Carolina State University and TUNL, GSI, FIAS, TU-Darmstadt, Physics Department E12, TU Munich, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Institute for Nuclear Physics, University of Cologne, NSCL, NSCL/Rutgers University, ORNL, University of Tennessee/LLNL, University of Tennessee/TRIUMF, Sungkyunkwan University/ORNL, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, George Washington University, York U., IKP Cologne, NSCL/MSU, Radiation Monitoring Devices Inc., Colorado Sch. Mines, Rutgers, Louisiana State U., U. Tenn., University of California at Davis, Hartnell College, Takeyasu Ito, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Old Dominion University, JLab, SUNY Geneseo, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Houghton College, Western Michigan University, Washington University in St. Louis, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, US Army Research Laboratory, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZE, United Kingdom, Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington, WA4 4AD, United Kingdom, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA, US Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD 20783, USA, Union College, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, University of California, Berkeley, None, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, University of South Dakota, University of Minnesota, Regis University, TTU, UTK, MSU/NSCL, UW-La Crosse, ORAU, Ohio Wesleyan University, Texas A\&M University Cyclotron Institute, NSCL, MSU, RIKEN, Indiana University South Bend, University of Wisconsin La Crosse, Collider-Accelerator Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Laboratory for Nuclear Science, MIT, Jefferson Laboratory, Duke Biology Dept., TUNL, North Georgia State University, LSU, Col. School Mines, University of Manchester, U. of M., U. of M./ANL, ANL/Florida State University, Central Michigan University, NSCL/Michigan State University, LBNL, U. of Rochester, PHDs Co, The Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Indiana University, South Bend, IN 46634, USA, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), University of Arizona, U.Chicago/JINA, Western Michigan, Grand Accelerateur d Ions Lourds, Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Drake University, Florida State Florida, North Carolina State Univ. and TUNL, AWE, Laboratory for Nuclear Science and Dept. of Physics, MIT, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Kentucky, Gettysburg College, Concordia College, Louisiana State, Michigan State, Argonne National Laboratory and University of Chicago and JINA, Western Michigan University and Argonne National Laboratory, Aarhus University, Univ. Richmond, St. Marys, Rutgers University and University of Surrey, California Science \& Engineering Corporation, McGill U., ANL, Northwestern U., ANL, UChicago, LLNL, UC Berkeley, University of California Berkeley, University of Liverpool, Pennsylvania State University

  • Adam Bernstein

    Indiana University, University of California, San Diego, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Jefferson Lab, University of Virginia, Ohio University, Los Alamos National Lab, Yale University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee Technological University, Colorado School of Mines, Louisiana State University, University of Tennessee, Rutgers University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, UC Berkeley, RCNP, Osaka Univ., Osaka 567-0047, U of ND, ND, IN-46556, Dept. of Phys., Tohoku Univ., Sendai 980-8578, Univ. of ND, ND, IN-46556, Dept. of Phys., Kyoto Univ., Kyoto 606-8502, Dept. of Phys., Konan Univ., Kobe 568-8501, JAEA, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan, CNS, Univ. of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, CYRIC, Tohoku Univ., Sendai 980-8578, Japan, Dept. of Phys., Konan Univ., Kobe, 568-8501, Japan, RCNP, Osaka Univ., Osaka 567-0047, Japan, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory and Western Michigan Univesity, Laboratorio Tandar, Argentina, Michigan State University, Texas A\&M University, National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, WNSL, TAMU, LLNL, University of Richmond, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Maryland, Univerisity of Massachusetts Lowell, University of Massachusetts Lowell, U.S. Naval Academy, CSNSM, University of Jyvaskyla, University of Edinburgh, University of Kentucky, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, ORNL Reactor and Nuclear Systems Division, Tennessee Tech. Univ., Beihang Univ., ANL, U. Chicago/ANL, U. Manitoba, Northwestern U., McGill U./ANL, Department of Applied Mathematics and Sciences, Khalifa University of Science, Technology \& Research, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, NSCL, JINA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, Physics Department, Kalamazoo College, Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, Uppsala University, Kocaeli University, University of Notre Dame, College of William and Mary, U. San Luis Potosi, U. Maryland, TRIUMF, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud-INFN, RIKEN Nishina Center, CEA-DAM, Yale University, USA, University of Cologne, Germany, University of Richmond, USA, Yale University, USA / TU Darmstadt \& GSI, Germany, Yale University, USA / University of Cologne, Germany, US Naval Academy, Department of Physics, U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA, Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, India, Univ. of Tennessee, NBI, Denmark, Mississippi State Univ., Univ. of Tennessee (Knoxville), Mississippi State University, Univ. of Kentucky, Univ. of Notre Dame, Univ. of Wisconsin - La Crosse, STARS-LIBERACE Collaboration, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Sandia National Laboratory, UC Davis, University of Connecticut, University of Massachusetts Amherst, California State University, Long Beach, University of Manitoba, Institut fuer Kernphysik, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany, Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA, Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA/NSCL, MSU, USA, Brookhaven National Laboratory, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, UGCDAE-CSR, Kolkata, India, SINP, Kolkata, India, BARC, Mumbai, India, TIFR, Mumbai, India, CSNSM, U P-Sud and CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France, ANL, Argonne, USA, U of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, LANL, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA, United States Naval Academy, USA, University of Dallas, USA, University of Guelph, Canada, University of Kentucky, USA, University Santiago de Compestela, Spain, Hope College, NSCL, Michigan State University, University of North Florida, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Florida State University, INFN, NSCL/Michigan State Univ, Department of Physics and the Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, University of Notre Dame, Duke University and TUNL, Duke University, North Carolina State University and TUNL, GSI, FIAS, TU-Darmstadt, Physics Department E12, TU Munich, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Institute for Nuclear Physics, University of Cologne, NSCL, NSCL/Rutgers University, ORNL, University of Tennessee/LLNL, University of Tennessee/TRIUMF, Sungkyunkwan University/ORNL, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, George Washington University, York U., IKP Cologne, NSCL/MSU, Radiation Monitoring Devices Inc., Colorado Sch. Mines, Rutgers, Louisiana State U., U. Tenn., University of California at Davis, Hartnell College, Takeyasu Ito, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Old Dominion University, JLab, SUNY Geneseo, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Houghton College, Western Michigan University, Washington University in St. Louis, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, US Army Research Laboratory, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZE, United Kingdom, Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington, WA4 4AD, United Kingdom, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA, US Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD 20783, USA, Union College, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, University of California, Berkeley, None, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, University of South Dakota, University of Minnesota, Regis University, TTU, UTK, MSU/NSCL, UW-La Crosse, ORAU, Ohio Wesleyan University, Texas A\&M University Cyclotron Institute, NSCL, MSU, RIKEN, Indiana University South Bend, University of Wisconsin La Crosse, Collider-Accelerator Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Laboratory for Nuclear Science, MIT, Jefferson Laboratory, Duke Biology Dept., TUNL, North Georgia State University, LSU, Col. School Mines, University of Manchester, U. of M., U. of M./ANL, ANL/Florida State University, Central Michigan University, NSCL/Michigan State University, LBNL, U. of Rochester, PHDs Co, The Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Indiana University, South Bend, IN 46634, USA, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), University of Arizona, U.Chicago/JINA, Western Michigan, Grand Accelerateur d Ions Lourds, Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Drake University, Florida State Florida, North Carolina State Univ. and TUNL, AWE, Laboratory for Nuclear Science and Dept. of Physics, MIT, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Kentucky, Gettysburg College, Concordia College, Louisiana State, Michigan State, Argonne National Laboratory and University of Chicago and JINA, Western Michigan University and Argonne National Laboratory, Aarhus University, Univ. Richmond, St. Marys, Rutgers University and University of Surrey, California Science \& Engineering Corporation, McGill U., ANL, Northwestern U., ANL, UChicago, LLNL, UC Berkeley, University of California Berkeley, University of Liverpool, Pennsylvania State University

  • Adam Bernstein

    Indiana University, University of California, San Diego, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Jefferson Lab, University of Virginia, Ohio University, Los Alamos National Lab, Yale University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee Technological University, Colorado School of Mines, Louisiana State University, University of Tennessee, Rutgers University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, UC Berkeley, RCNP, Osaka Univ., Osaka 567-0047, U of ND, ND, IN-46556, Dept. of Phys., Tohoku Univ., Sendai 980-8578, Univ. of ND, ND, IN-46556, Dept. of Phys., Kyoto Univ., Kyoto 606-8502, Dept. of Phys., Konan Univ., Kobe 568-8501, JAEA, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan, CNS, Univ. of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, CYRIC, Tohoku Univ., Sendai 980-8578, Japan, Dept. of Phys., Konan Univ., Kobe, 568-8501, Japan, RCNP, Osaka Univ., Osaka 567-0047, Japan, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory and Western Michigan Univesity, Laboratorio Tandar, Argentina, Michigan State University, Texas A\&M University, National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, WNSL, TAMU, LLNL, University of Richmond, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Maryland, Univerisity of Massachusetts Lowell, University of Massachusetts Lowell, U.S. Naval Academy, CSNSM, University of Jyvaskyla, University of Edinburgh, University of Kentucky, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, ORNL Reactor and Nuclear Systems Division, Tennessee Tech. Univ., Beihang Univ., ANL, U. Chicago/ANL, U. Manitoba, Northwestern U., McGill U./ANL, Department of Applied Mathematics and Sciences, Khalifa University of Science, Technology \& Research, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, NSCL, JINA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, Physics Department, Kalamazoo College, Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, Uppsala University, Kocaeli University, University of Notre Dame, College of William and Mary, U. San Luis Potosi, U. Maryland, TRIUMF, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud-INFN, RIKEN Nishina Center, CEA-DAM, Yale University, USA, University of Cologne, Germany, University of Richmond, USA, Yale University, USA / TU Darmstadt \& GSI, Germany, Yale University, USA / University of Cologne, Germany, US Naval Academy, Department of Physics, U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA, Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, India, Univ. of Tennessee, NBI, Denmark, Mississippi State Univ., Univ. of Tennessee (Knoxville), Mississippi State University, Univ. of Kentucky, Univ. of Notre Dame, Univ. of Wisconsin - La Crosse, STARS-LIBERACE Collaboration, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Sandia National Laboratory, UC Davis, University of Connecticut, University of Massachusetts Amherst, California State University, Long Beach, University of Manitoba, Institut fuer Kernphysik, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany, Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA, Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA/NSCL, MSU, USA, Brookhaven National Laboratory, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, UGCDAE-CSR, Kolkata, India, SINP, Kolkata, India, BARC, Mumbai, India, TIFR, Mumbai, India, CSNSM, U P-Sud and CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France, ANL, Argonne, USA, U of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, LANL, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA, United States Naval Academy, USA, University of Dallas, USA, University of Guelph, Canada, University of Kentucky, USA, University Santiago de Compestela, Spain, Hope College, NSCL, Michigan State University, University of North Florida, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Florida State University, INFN, NSCL/Michigan State Univ, Department of Physics and the Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, University of Notre Dame, Duke University and TUNL, Duke University, North Carolina State University and TUNL, GSI, FIAS, TU-Darmstadt, Physics Department E12, TU Munich, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Institute for Nuclear Physics, University of Cologne, NSCL, NSCL/Rutgers University, ORNL, University of Tennessee/LLNL, University of Tennessee/TRIUMF, Sungkyunkwan University/ORNL, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, George Washington University, York U., IKP Cologne, NSCL/MSU, Radiation Monitoring Devices Inc., Colorado Sch. Mines, Rutgers, Louisiana State U., U. Tenn., University of California at Davis, Hartnell College, Takeyasu Ito, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Old Dominion University, JLab, SUNY Geneseo, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Houghton College, Western Michigan University, Washington University in St. Louis, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, US Army Research Laboratory, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZE, United Kingdom, Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington, WA4 4AD, United Kingdom, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA, US Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD 20783, USA, Union College, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, University of California, Berkeley, None, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, University of South Dakota, University of Minnesota, Regis University, TTU, UTK, MSU/NSCL, UW-La Crosse, ORAU, Ohio Wesleyan University, Texas A\&M University Cyclotron Institute, NSCL, MSU, RIKEN, Indiana University South Bend, University of Wisconsin La Crosse, Collider-Accelerator Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Laboratory for Nuclear Science, MIT, Jefferson Laboratory, Duke Biology Dept., TUNL, North Georgia State University, LSU, Col. School Mines, University of Manchester, U. of M., U. of M./ANL, ANL/Florida State University, Central Michigan University, NSCL/Michigan State University, LBNL, U. of Rochester, PHDs Co, The Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Indiana University, South Bend, IN 46634, USA, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), University of Arizona, U.Chicago/JINA, Western Michigan, Grand Accelerateur d Ions Lourds, Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Drake University, Florida State Florida, North Carolina State Univ. and TUNL, AWE, Laboratory for Nuclear Science and Dept. of Physics, MIT, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Kentucky, Gettysburg College, Concordia College, Louisiana State, Michigan State, Argonne National Laboratory and University of Chicago and JINA, Western Michigan University and Argonne National Laboratory, Aarhus University, Univ. Richmond, St. Marys, Rutgers University and University of Surrey, California Science \& Engineering Corporation, McGill U., ANL, Northwestern U., ANL, UChicago, LLNL, UC Berkeley, University of California Berkeley, University of Liverpool, Pennsylvania State University