Impact of beta-decay rate uncertainties on the slow neutron capture process in massive stars

ORAL

Abstract

The slow neutron capture process in massive stars is mostly activated during He-burning and C-burning phases. Most of the abundances of elements such as copper or germanium, which have been observed in both the Solar System and Galaxy, are produced in these conditions, together with most of the s-process isotopes between iron and strontium (60 $<$ A $<$ 90). Nucleosynthesis predictions from stellar models depend on the nuclear physics networks used in simulations. A key ingredient in these simulations are the beta-decay and electron capture rates. In particular, the s-process yields beyond iron are affected by the present uncertainties associated with these rates. We aim to present the impact of these rate uncertainties on s-process calculations, focusing the discussion on few examples relevant for their astrophysical impact.

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Authors

  • Marco Pignatari

    University of Basel

  • Chris Perkins

    Univ. of California at Berkeley, North Carolina Central U. (NCCU), Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, SJSU, LLNL, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, USA, University of Dallas, USA, University of Kentucky, USA, ASU, UNC/TUNL, Univ. Tennessee, ORNL/ORAU, ORNL, ORNL/ORAU/Warsaw Univ., Mississippi State Univ., Louisiana State Univ., ORNL/Warsaw Univ., Vanderbilt Univ., UNRIB/ORAU, Vanderbilt Univ./LBNL, Univ. Tennessee/Warsaw Univ., GANIL, CENBG/CNRS/IN2P3, ANL, U. Jyv\&#034;alsky\&#034;a, CENPA, U. Washington, TRIUMF, IFIC, CSIC-Univ. Valencia, Argonne Nat. Lab., The University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Dept. of Physics (TUNL), Duke University, USA, Wright Nucl. Structure Lab., Yale University, USA, Dept. of Nucl. Physics, Australian National University (ANU), Australia, Dept. Chemistry, University of Kentucky, USA, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, USA, Dept. of Physics \& Astronomy and Chemistry, University of Kentucky, USA, Yale University, Bonn University, Germany, Rutgers University, Millsaps College, Texas A\&M University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oregon State University, UC Berkeley, NSCL/MSU, TA\&MU, RIKEN, Japan, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, BHSU, Sanford Lab, UMass Lowell, LSU, UTK, UTK, ORNL, ORNL, ORAU, ORNL, ORAU, UW, Michigan State University, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, University of Chicago, Osaka U., Tokyo Inst. of Tech., UND, Konan U, Kyoto U., Konan U., Tohoku U., KVI, University of Stuttgart, IFIN-HH, TUNL, University of Kentucky, TU-Darmstadt, Yale, Surrey, Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Florida State University, University of Jyv\&#034;askyla, NSCL / MSU, Hope College, Central Michigan University, Gettysburg College, Concordia College, Argonne National Laboratory and University of Chicago and JINA, Hebrew University, Argonne National Laboratory and Western Michigan University, Argonne National Laboratory and JINA, Western Michigan University, Argonne National Laboratory, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, State Univ. of New York at Oswego, Department of Physics, State University of New York at Oswego, Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, CNRS, Indiana University, LANL, CEA-Saclay, FRIB/MSU, Surrey, Mississippi State University, Technische Universitat Munchen, Univ. of Notre Dame, Univ. of Wisconsin - La Crosse, Kocaeli University, Turkey, RIKEN, NSCL, University of Notre Dame, ATOMKI, Hungary, The University of Alabama, Arizona State University, SUNY Stony Brook, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Ruhr-Universit\&#034;at Bochum, UNC-Wilmington, Tulane U., MIT, Waterloo U., NIST, U. Tennessee, Warsaw Univ., U. Tennessee, ORNL, ORAU, Warsaw University, Mississippi State, Louisiana State, ORNL, Warsaw Univ., Vanderbilt, LBNL, JINR, Tsinghua Univ., University of Massachusetts Lowell, Tsinghua University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Vanderbilt University and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Peking University, Vanderbilt University, Niewodniczanski Institute for Nuclear Physics, University of Maryland, University of Sofia, University of Washington, University Of Notre Dame, LBNL/Vanderbilt University, Argonne National Lab, U. Mass. Lowell, Radiation Monitoring Devices Inc., RMD Inc., IKP, University of Cologne, DSM/Irfu/SPhN, CEA-Saclay, McGill U., U. of Manitoba, U. of Chicago, Northwestern U., Universitat Giessen, GSI, TU M\&#034;unchen, Michigan State Univ., Univ. Mainz, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL), Lund Univ., Univ. of Edinburgh, Universitat Mainz, Technische Universitat Muenchen, Helmholtzzentrum fur Schwerionenforschung (GSI), University of Keele, NCSU and TUNL, Duke U. and TUNL, GSI Helmholtzzentrum fur Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany, George Washington University, Duke University and TUNL, U. Massachusetts Lowell, Argonne National Lab., Australian National Univ., Oak Ridge Associated Universities, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Center for Theoretical Physics, Sloane Physics Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8120, USA, Rice University, Department of Physics, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland, School of Physics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, Texas, United States, INFN-LNS, JAEA, Kyushu U., CNS, U of Tokyo, Hoseo U., Chonbuk Natl. U., Hanyang U., Seoul Natl. U., Chung-Ang U., Univ. of Stellenbosch, iThemba LABS, Univ. of Witwatersrand, iThema LABS, Univ. of Cape Town, Univ. of Witwatersand, KVI Univ. of Groningen, NSCL, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA, Helmholtz-Insitut Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\&#034;at Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany, KVI Groningen, U S Naval Academy, University of Surrey, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, JIHIR, UNIRIB, ICN-UNAM, FSU, U. of Surrey, NSCL, MSU, Departments of Chemistry and Physics \& Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA, Dept. of Physics, University of Guelph, Canada, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, USA, Depts. of Physics \& Astronomy and Chemistry, University of Kentucky, USA, UNIRIB/ORAU, ORAU, U Richmond, WNSL Yale, IKP Univ. Cologne, Univ. York, Cyclotron Institute at Texas A\&M University, FRIB, MSU, UTK, UW, Department of Physics and Applied Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Nuclear Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Universite Paris Sud, University of Michigan, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, Tennessee Technological University, University of Tennessee, Colorado School Of Mines, Louisiana State University, O.R.A.U., Oak Ridge Nat. Lab, Louisiana St. U., Col. Sch. of Mines, Ohio U., Rutgers, U. Tenn., Dept. of Physics \& Astronomy, Texas A\&M University, Rutgers U., U. Tenn.-Knoxville, Tenn. Tech. U., U of TN, ORNL, U of TN, TTU, CO School of Mines, University of Colorado, Muhlenberg College, Indiana Univ. South Bend, Cyclotron Institute A\&M University, Westmont College, Oak Ridge National Lab, Kyoto University, Texas A\&M University Cyclotron Institute, NSCL, Michigan State University, Collider-Accelerator Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Institut f\&#034;ur Physik, Universit\&#034;at Mainz, Lousiana State University Baton Rouge, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, Ohio University, Athens, OH, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, University of Tennesse Knoxville, WFU and TUNL, UNC and TUNL, Iowa State University, University of Arizona, University of Toronto, Universita di Napoli, Universita degli Studi di Napoli ``Frederico II&#039;&#039; and INFN, University of Toronto, University of Notre Dame, Lousiana State University, University of Rochester, Institut fur Kernphysik, Darmstadt, WNSL-Yale U., U. of M., ANL/U. of M., Manchester, (Miss S.U.), (ORNL), (K.U. Leuven), (LLBL), (UT), (NSCL/MSU), ICNM, Krakow, U. of Maryland, U. of Maryland/ANL, Washington University, Ganil, INFN, Catania, Italy, NCSL/MSU, WU, IU, WMU, Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, MSU / NSCL, INFN, Cyclotron Institute Texas A\&M University, Colorado School of Mines, ANL/University of Chicago/JINA, Argonne National Lab, JINA, Western Michigan University, ANL, Khalifa University of Science, Technology \& Research, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, NSCL, JINA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, Physics Department, Kalamazoo College, Niigata University, KUSTAR, UAE, Osaka University, Kalamazoo College, Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, UGC-DAE Consortium for Science Research, Kolkata, India, STARS-LIBERACE Collaboration, University of Richmond, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory - Berkeley, CA 94720, U. of Rochester, Texas A$\&$M Cyclotron Institute, ANL/WMU, ANL/JINA, U of Manchester

  • Chris Perkins

    Univ. of California at Berkeley, North Carolina Central U. (NCCU), Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, SJSU, LLNL, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, USA, University of Dallas, USA, University of Kentucky, USA, ASU, UNC/TUNL, Univ. Tennessee, ORNL/ORAU, ORNL, ORNL/ORAU/Warsaw Univ., Mississippi State Univ., Louisiana State Univ., ORNL/Warsaw Univ., Vanderbilt Univ., UNRIB/ORAU, Vanderbilt Univ./LBNL, Univ. Tennessee/Warsaw Univ., GANIL, CENBG/CNRS/IN2P3, ANL, U. Jyv\&#034;alsky\&#034;a, CENPA, U. Washington, TRIUMF, IFIC, CSIC-Univ. Valencia, Argonne Nat. Lab., The University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Dept. of Physics (TUNL), Duke University, USA, Wright Nucl. Structure Lab., Yale University, USA, Dept. of Nucl. Physics, Australian National University (ANU), Australia, Dept. Chemistry, University of Kentucky, USA, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, USA, Dept. of Physics \& Astronomy and Chemistry, University of Kentucky, USA, Yale University, Bonn University, Germany, Rutgers University, Millsaps College, Texas A\&M University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oregon State University, UC Berkeley, NSCL/MSU, TA\&MU, RIKEN, Japan, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, BHSU, Sanford Lab, UMass Lowell, LSU, UTK, UTK, ORNL, ORNL, ORAU, ORNL, ORAU, UW, Michigan State University, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, University of Chicago, Osaka U., Tokyo Inst. of Tech., UND, Konan U, Kyoto U., Konan U., Tohoku U., KVI, University of Stuttgart, IFIN-HH, TUNL, University of Kentucky, TU-Darmstadt, Yale, Surrey, Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Florida State University, University of Jyv\&#034;askyla, NSCL / MSU, Hope College, Central Michigan University, Gettysburg College, Concordia College, Argonne National Laboratory and University of Chicago and JINA, Hebrew University, Argonne National Laboratory and Western Michigan University, Argonne National Laboratory and JINA, Western Michigan University, Argonne National Laboratory, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, State Univ. of New York at Oswego, Department of Physics, State University of New York at Oswego, Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, CNRS, Indiana University, LANL, CEA-Saclay, FRIB/MSU, Surrey, Mississippi State University, Technische Universitat Munchen, Univ. of Notre Dame, Univ. of Wisconsin - La Crosse, Kocaeli University, Turkey, RIKEN, NSCL, University of Notre Dame, ATOMKI, Hungary, The University of Alabama, Arizona State University, SUNY Stony Brook, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Ruhr-Universit\&#034;at Bochum, UNC-Wilmington, Tulane U., MIT, Waterloo U., NIST, U. Tennessee, Warsaw Univ., U. Tennessee, ORNL, ORAU, Warsaw University, Mississippi State, Louisiana State, ORNL, Warsaw Univ., Vanderbilt, LBNL, JINR, Tsinghua Univ., University of Massachusetts Lowell, Tsinghua University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Vanderbilt University and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Peking University, Vanderbilt University, Niewodniczanski Institute for Nuclear Physics, University of Maryland, University of Sofia, University of Washington, University Of Notre Dame, LBNL/Vanderbilt University, Argonne National Lab, U. Mass. Lowell, Radiation Monitoring Devices Inc., RMD Inc., IKP, University of Cologne, DSM/Irfu/SPhN, CEA-Saclay, McGill U., U. of Manitoba, U. of Chicago, Northwestern U., Universitat Giessen, GSI, TU M\&#034;unchen, Michigan State Univ., Univ. Mainz, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL), Lund Univ., Univ. of Edinburgh, Universitat Mainz, Technische Universitat Muenchen, Helmholtzzentrum fur Schwerionenforschung (GSI), University of Keele, NCSU and TUNL, Duke U. and TUNL, GSI Helmholtzzentrum fur Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany, George Washington University, Duke University and TUNL, U. Massachusetts Lowell, Argonne National Lab., Australian National Univ., Oak Ridge Associated Universities, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Center for Theoretical Physics, Sloane Physics Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8120, USA, Rice University, Department of Physics, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland, School of Physics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, Texas, United States, INFN-LNS, JAEA, Kyushu U., CNS, U of Tokyo, Hoseo U., Chonbuk Natl. U., Hanyang U., Seoul Natl. U., Chung-Ang U., Univ. of Stellenbosch, iThemba LABS, Univ. of Witwatersrand, iThema LABS, Univ. of Cape Town, Univ. of Witwatersand, KVI Univ. of Groningen, NSCL, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA, Helmholtz-Insitut Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\&#034;at Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany, KVI Groningen, U S Naval Academy, University of Surrey, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, JIHIR, UNIRIB, ICN-UNAM, FSU, U. of Surrey, NSCL, MSU, Departments of Chemistry and Physics \& Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA, Dept. of Physics, University of Guelph, Canada, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, USA, Depts. of Physics \& Astronomy and Chemistry, University of Kentucky, USA, UNIRIB/ORAU, ORAU, U Richmond, WNSL Yale, IKP Univ. Cologne, Univ. York, Cyclotron Institute at Texas A\&M University, FRIB, MSU, UTK, UW, Department of Physics and Applied Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Nuclear Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Universite Paris Sud, University of Michigan, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, Tennessee Technological University, University of Tennessee, Colorado School Of Mines, Louisiana State University, O.R.A.U., Oak Ridge Nat. Lab, Louisiana St. U., Col. Sch. of Mines, Ohio U., Rutgers, U. Tenn., Dept. of Physics \& Astronomy, Texas A\&M University, Rutgers U., U. Tenn.-Knoxville, Tenn. Tech. U., U of TN, ORNL, U of TN, TTU, CO School of Mines, University of Colorado, Muhlenberg College, Indiana Univ. South Bend, Cyclotron Institute A\&M University, Westmont College, Oak Ridge National Lab, Kyoto University, Texas A\&M University Cyclotron Institute, NSCL, Michigan State University, Collider-Accelerator Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Institut f\&#034;ur Physik, Universit\&#034;at Mainz, Lousiana State University Baton Rouge, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, Ohio University, Athens, OH, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, University of Tennesse Knoxville, WFU and TUNL, UNC and TUNL, Iowa State University, University of Arizona, University of Toronto, Universita di Napoli, Universita degli Studi di Napoli ``Frederico II&#039;&#039; and INFN, University of Toronto, University of Notre Dame, Lousiana State University, University of Rochester, Institut fur Kernphysik, Darmstadt, WNSL-Yale U., U. of M., ANL/U. of M., Manchester, (Miss S.U.), (ORNL), (K.U. Leuven), (LLBL), (UT), (NSCL/MSU), ICNM, Krakow, U. of Maryland, U. of Maryland/ANL, Washington University, Ganil, INFN, Catania, Italy, NCSL/MSU, WU, IU, WMU, Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, MSU / NSCL, INFN, Cyclotron Institute Texas A\&M University, Colorado School of Mines, ANL/University of Chicago/JINA, Argonne National Lab, JINA, Western Michigan University, ANL, Khalifa University of Science, Technology \& Research, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, NSCL, JINA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, Physics Department, Kalamazoo College, Niigata University, KUSTAR, UAE, Osaka University, Kalamazoo College, Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, UGC-DAE Consortium for Science Research, Kolkata, India, STARS-LIBERACE Collaboration, University of Richmond, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory - Berkeley, CA 94720, U. of Rochester, Texas A$\&$M Cyclotron Institute, ANL/WMU, ANL/JINA, U of Manchester

  • Chris Perkins

    Univ. of California at Berkeley, North Carolina Central U. (NCCU), Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, SJSU, LLNL, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, USA, University of Dallas, USA, University of Kentucky, USA, ASU, UNC/TUNL, Univ. Tennessee, ORNL/ORAU, ORNL, ORNL/ORAU/Warsaw Univ., Mississippi State Univ., Louisiana State Univ., ORNL/Warsaw Univ., Vanderbilt Univ., UNRIB/ORAU, Vanderbilt Univ./LBNL, Univ. Tennessee/Warsaw Univ., GANIL, CENBG/CNRS/IN2P3, ANL, U. Jyv\&#034;alsky\&#034;a, CENPA, U. Washington, TRIUMF, IFIC, CSIC-Univ. Valencia, Argonne Nat. Lab., The University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Dept. of Physics (TUNL), Duke University, USA, Wright Nucl. Structure Lab., Yale University, USA, Dept. of Nucl. Physics, Australian National University (ANU), Australia, Dept. Chemistry, University of Kentucky, USA, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, USA, Dept. of Physics \& Astronomy and Chemistry, University of Kentucky, USA, Yale University, Bonn University, Germany, Rutgers University, Millsaps College, Texas A\&M University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oregon State University, UC Berkeley, NSCL/MSU, TA\&MU, RIKEN, Japan, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, BHSU, Sanford Lab, UMass Lowell, LSU, UTK, UTK, ORNL, ORNL, ORAU, ORNL, ORAU, UW, Michigan State University, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, University of Chicago, Osaka U., Tokyo Inst. of Tech., UND, Konan U, Kyoto U., Konan U., Tohoku U., KVI, University of Stuttgart, IFIN-HH, TUNL, University of Kentucky, TU-Darmstadt, Yale, Surrey, Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Florida State University, University of Jyv\&#034;askyla, NSCL / MSU, Hope College, Central Michigan University, Gettysburg College, Concordia College, Argonne National Laboratory and University of Chicago and JINA, Hebrew University, Argonne National Laboratory and Western Michigan University, Argonne National Laboratory and JINA, Western Michigan University, Argonne National Laboratory, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, State Univ. of New York at Oswego, Department of Physics, State University of New York at Oswego, Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, CNRS, Indiana University, LANL, CEA-Saclay, FRIB/MSU, Surrey, Mississippi State University, Technische Universitat Munchen, Univ. of Notre Dame, Univ. of Wisconsin - La Crosse, Kocaeli University, Turkey, RIKEN, NSCL, University of Notre Dame, ATOMKI, Hungary, The University of Alabama, Arizona State University, SUNY Stony Brook, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Ruhr-Universit\&#034;at Bochum, UNC-Wilmington, Tulane U., MIT, Waterloo U., NIST, U. Tennessee, Warsaw Univ., U. Tennessee, ORNL, ORAU, Warsaw University, Mississippi State, Louisiana State, ORNL, Warsaw Univ., Vanderbilt, LBNL, JINR, Tsinghua Univ., University of Massachusetts Lowell, Tsinghua University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Vanderbilt University and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Peking University, Vanderbilt University, Niewodniczanski Institute for Nuclear Physics, University of Maryland, University of Sofia, University of Washington, University Of Notre Dame, LBNL/Vanderbilt University, Argonne National Lab, U. Mass. Lowell, Radiation Monitoring Devices Inc., RMD Inc., IKP, University of Cologne, DSM/Irfu/SPhN, CEA-Saclay, McGill U., U. of Manitoba, U. of Chicago, Northwestern U., Universitat Giessen, GSI, TU M\&#034;unchen, Michigan State Univ., Univ. Mainz, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL), Lund Univ., Univ. of Edinburgh, Universitat Mainz, Technische Universitat Muenchen, Helmholtzzentrum fur Schwerionenforschung (GSI), University of Keele, NCSU and TUNL, Duke U. and TUNL, GSI Helmholtzzentrum fur Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany, George Washington University, Duke University and TUNL, U. Massachusetts Lowell, Argonne National Lab., Australian National Univ., Oak Ridge Associated Universities, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Center for Theoretical Physics, Sloane Physics Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8120, USA, Rice University, Department of Physics, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland, School of Physics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, Texas, United States, INFN-LNS, JAEA, Kyushu U., CNS, U of Tokyo, Hoseo U., Chonbuk Natl. U., Hanyang U., Seoul Natl. U., Chung-Ang U., Univ. of Stellenbosch, iThemba LABS, Univ. of Witwatersrand, iThema LABS, Univ. of Cape Town, Univ. of Witwatersand, KVI Univ. of Groningen, NSCL, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA, Helmholtz-Insitut Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\&#034;at Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany, KVI Groningen, U S Naval Academy, University of Surrey, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, JIHIR, UNIRIB, ICN-UNAM, FSU, U. of Surrey, NSCL, MSU, Departments of Chemistry and Physics \& Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA, Dept. of Physics, University of Guelph, Canada, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, USA, Depts. of Physics \& Astronomy and Chemistry, University of Kentucky, USA, UNIRIB/ORAU, ORAU, U Richmond, WNSL Yale, IKP Univ. Cologne, Univ. York, Cyclotron Institute at Texas A\&M University, FRIB, MSU, UTK, UW, Department of Physics and Applied Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Nuclear Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Universite Paris Sud, University of Michigan, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, Tennessee Technological University, University of Tennessee, Colorado School Of Mines, Louisiana State University, O.R.A.U., Oak Ridge Nat. Lab, Louisiana St. U., Col. Sch. of Mines, Ohio U., Rutgers, U. Tenn., Dept. of Physics \& Astronomy, Texas A\&M University, Rutgers U., U. Tenn.-Knoxville, Tenn. Tech. U., U of TN, ORNL, U of TN, TTU, CO School of Mines, University of Colorado, Muhlenberg College, Indiana Univ. South Bend, Cyclotron Institute A\&M University, Westmont College, Oak Ridge National Lab, Kyoto University, Texas A\&M University Cyclotron Institute, NSCL, Michigan State University, Collider-Accelerator Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Institut f\&#034;ur Physik, Universit\&#034;at Mainz, Lousiana State University Baton Rouge, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, Ohio University, Athens, OH, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, University of Tennesse Knoxville, WFU and TUNL, UNC and TUNL, Iowa State University, University of Arizona, University of Toronto, Universita di Napoli, Universita degli Studi di Napoli ``Frederico II&#039;&#039; and INFN, University of Toronto, University of Notre Dame, Lousiana State University, University of Rochester, Institut fur Kernphysik, Darmstadt, WNSL-Yale U., U. of M., ANL/U. of M., Manchester, (Miss S.U.), (ORNL), (K.U. Leuven), (LLBL), (UT), (NSCL/MSU), ICNM, Krakow, U. of Maryland, U. of Maryland/ANL, Washington University, Ganil, INFN, Catania, Italy, NCSL/MSU, WU, IU, WMU, Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, MSU / NSCL, INFN, Cyclotron Institute Texas A\&M University, Colorado School of Mines, ANL/University of Chicago/JINA, Argonne National Lab, JINA, Western Michigan University, ANL, Khalifa University of Science, Technology \& Research, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, NSCL, JINA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, Physics Department, Kalamazoo College, Niigata University, KUSTAR, UAE, Osaka University, Kalamazoo College, Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, UGC-DAE Consortium for Science Research, Kolkata, India, STARS-LIBERACE Collaboration, University of Richmond, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory - Berkeley, CA 94720, U. of Rochester, Texas A$\&$M Cyclotron Institute, ANL/WMU, ANL/JINA, U of Manchester