Dipole Transport in Multi-fragmentation

POSTER

Abstract

The study of the Giant Dipole Resonance (GDR) in nuclei at low excitation energies (E*) gives access to information on the symmetry energy. Similarly the Isospin Transport Dipole (ITD) can be used to study the migration of protons and neutrons in a heavy ion collision at higher E*. Likewise to the Dipole mode definition used in GDR studies, we define a Dipole mode as:$D_z =\sum\limits_{i=\mbox{1}}^{A_{Qp}} {m_i} p_{zi}$ where$ m_i \;=\;\frac{\left( {N_i -Z_i } \right)}{A_i }$ of each fragment $\left( {N,Z} \right)_i$. The purpose of our analysis is to understand if the excess of neutrons leave the system with the gas, liquid or both. In order to achieve this goal we will study separately $p,n,^\mbox{3}He,t$ and heavier particles for the gas and the liquid components, respectively. In an equilibrated system the ITD is centered at zero, and its fluctuations are connected to the temperature. Collective effects, such as the Dipole dependence on the symmetry energy and the Coulomb field, may result in a non zero Dipole value. The ITD will be studied for different excitation energies to point out possible phase transitions, similar to those observed in the GDR of high E*. Moreover the study of different reaction systems will give hints on the role of neutrons, protons and heavier fragments in achieving equilibrium.

Authors

  • Chris Perkins

    Univ. of California at Berkeley, North Carolina Central U. (NCCU), Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, SJSU, LLNL, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, USA, University of Dallas, USA, University of Kentucky, USA, ASU, UNC/TUNL, Univ. Tennessee, ORNL/ORAU, ORNL, ORNL/ORAU/Warsaw Univ., Mississippi State Univ., Louisiana State Univ., ORNL/Warsaw Univ., Vanderbilt Univ., UNRIB/ORAU, Vanderbilt Univ./LBNL, Univ. Tennessee/Warsaw Univ., GANIL, CENBG/CNRS/IN2P3, ANL, U. Jyv\"alsky\"a, CENPA, U. Washington, TRIUMF, IFIC, CSIC-Univ. Valencia, Argonne Nat. Lab., The University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Dept. of Physics (TUNL), Duke University, USA, Wright Nucl. Structure Lab., Yale University, USA, Dept. of Nucl. Physics, Australian National University (ANU), Australia, Dept. Chemistry, University of Kentucky, USA, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, USA, Dept. of Physics \& Astronomy and Chemistry, University of Kentucky, USA, Yale University, Bonn University, Germany, Rutgers University, Millsaps College, Texas A\&M University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oregon State University, UC Berkeley, NSCL/MSU, TA\&MU, RIKEN, Japan, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, BHSU, Sanford Lab, UMass Lowell, LSU, UTK, UTK, ORNL, ORNL, ORAU, ORNL, ORAU, UW, Michigan State University, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, University of Chicago, Osaka U., Tokyo Inst. of Tech., UND, Konan U, Kyoto U., Konan U., Tohoku U., KVI, University of Stuttgart, IFIN-HH, TUNL, University of Kentucky, TU-Darmstadt, Yale, Surrey, Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Florida State University, University of Jyv\"askyla, NSCL / MSU, Hope College, Central Michigan University, Gettysburg College, Concordia College, Argonne National Laboratory and University of Chicago and JINA, Hebrew University, Argonne National Laboratory and Western Michigan University, Argonne National Laboratory and JINA, Western Michigan University, Argonne National Laboratory, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, State Univ. of New York at Oswego, Department of Physics, State University of New York at Oswego, Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, CNRS, Indiana University, LANL, CEA-Saclay, FRIB/MSU, Surrey, Mississippi State University, Technische Universitat Munchen, Univ. of Notre Dame, Univ. of Wisconsin - La Crosse, Kocaeli University, Turkey, RIKEN, NSCL, University of Notre Dame, ATOMKI, Hungary, The University of Alabama, Arizona State University, SUNY Stony Brook, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Ruhr-Universit\"at Bochum, UNC-Wilmington, Tulane U., MIT, Waterloo U., NIST, U. 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U., Chung-Ang U., Univ. of Stellenbosch, iThemba LABS, Univ. of Witwatersrand, iThema LABS, Univ. of Cape Town, Univ. of Witwatersand, KVI Univ. of Groningen, NSCL, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA, Helmholtz-Insitut Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\"at Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany, KVI Groningen, U S Naval Academy, University of Surrey, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, JIHIR, UNIRIB, ICN-UNAM, FSU, U. of Surrey, NSCL, MSU, Departments of Chemistry and Physics \& Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA, Dept. of Physics, University of Guelph, Canada, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, USA, Depts. of Physics \& Astronomy and Chemistry, University of Kentucky, USA, UNIRIB/ORAU, ORAU, U Richmond, WNSL Yale, IKP Univ. Cologne, Univ. York, Cyclotron Institute at Texas A\&M University, FRIB, MSU, UTK, UW, Department of Physics and Applied Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Nuclear Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Universite Paris Sud, University of Michigan, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, Tennessee Technological University, University of Tennessee, Colorado School Of Mines, Louisiana State University, O.R.A.U., Oak Ridge Nat. Lab, Louisiana St. U., Col. Sch. of Mines, Ohio U., Rutgers, U. Tenn., Dept. of Physics \& Astronomy, Texas A\&M University, Rutgers U., U. Tenn.-Knoxville, Tenn. Tech. U., U of TN, ORNL, U of TN, TTU, CO School of Mines, University of Colorado, Muhlenberg College, Indiana Univ. 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