Mass Energy Equivalence Formula Must Include Rotational and Vibrational Kinetuic Energies as Well As Potential Energies

POSTER

Abstract

Originally Einstein proposed the the mass-energy equivalence at low speeds as $E=mc^2 + 1/2 mv^2$. However, a mass may also be rotating and vibrating as well as moving linearly. Although small, these kinetic energies must be included in formulating a true mathematical statement of the mass-energy equivalence. Also, gravitational, electromagneic and magnetic potential energies must be included in the mass-energy equivalence mathematical statement. While the kinetic energy factors may differ in each physical situation such as types of vibrations and rotations, the basic equation for the mass- energy equivalence is therefore $E = m_0c^2 + 1/2m_0v^2 + 1/2I\omega^2 + 1/2kx^2 + W_G + W_E + W_M$.

Authors

  • Stewart Brekke

    Northeastern Illinois University (former grad student)