Quantitative and Qualitative Differences in Neurocognitive Impairment Induced by 1 GeV 56Fe Ions and X-Rays

ORAL

Abstract

During the planned mission to Mars, Astronauts will be exposed to heavy charged particles (Hze). Our group has been determining the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of Hze (1 GeV 56Fe, LET = 150 kev/um) with respect to neurocognitive impairment, specifically spatial memory, short-term working memory and attentional set shifting. Our current data suggest that Hze have RBE values of about 7 for hippocampal-dependent spatial memory tasks (Barnes Maze) and possibly even higher for certain attentional processes. We have also used MALDI-TOF serum profiling analysis to identify several proteins that are biomarkers of both the level and LET of the radiation exposure, and biomarkers of cognitive performance. Our data suggest that Hze particles have a distinctly different impact upon neurocognitive function in rats than do X-rays. From a mission perspective, attentional set shifting is the neurocognitive function most likely to be impacted by the predicted Hze exposure; unfortunately Set shifting underlies our ability to execute complex plans. The proteins identified could be used to monitor the Astronauts for radiation exposure and any associated loss of neurocognitive function, and some may actually give an insight into the complex processes that lead to radiation-induced cognitive impairment.

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Authors

  • R. Britten

    Eastern Virginia Medical School

  • Zhao Bo

    Miss. St., UNIRIB, U. Tenn., Mich. St., Weizmann Inst., Rutgers U., ORNL, ANSTO (Australia), ANL, University of Iowa, Tenn. Tech. Univ., Univ. of Tenn., Rutgers, Univ. of Surrey, Univ. of Tenn./ORNL, LSU, Colorado School of Mines, ORAU, Florida State University, PNNL, TRIUMF, University of Washington, University of Pisa, Italy, IFIN-HH, Bucharest, Romania, GANIL, Caen, France, University of Liverpool, UK, LPC, Caen, France, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX 77843, Col. School of Mines, Tenn. Tech. U., U. of Tenn., Rutgers University, PTB, Braunschweig, U. Conn., TUNL, University of Notre Dame, JINA, Western Michigan University, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, ODU, EBAC@JLab, Osaka Univ., EBAC@JLab, Shizuoka Univ., EBAC@JLab, Argonne National Lab, EBAC@JLab, Univ. of Barcelona, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, FZD, NCSU and TUNL, UNC and TUNL, Duke and TUNL, RCNP Osaka, Tubingen, GANIL, Yale, WNSL, Yale University, WNSL, Yale University; Nuclear Research Center Negev, Israel, NPI, Rez, CSIC Madrid, U. of Cologne, U. of Sydney, U. Complutense Madrid, ILL, Grenoble, SINS, Swierk, Uppsala U., Greenville College, University of Tokyo, Japan, Michigan State University, University of Aizu, Japan, University of Manchester, UK, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Poland, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, IONTECH, University of Tennessee, Louisiana State University, UNIRIB, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wittenberg University, North Carolina State University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA, Vanderbilt University, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy and Dept. of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40506-0055, NSCL, MSU, University of Maryland, WNSL - Yale, Dept of Physics, University of Surrey, UK, Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Germany, Dept of Physics, ENS de Chachan, Chachan France, Nuclear Research Center Negev, Beer-Sheva Israel, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, Institute of Nuclear Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA \& Institute of Nuclear Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, TU Darmstadt, Nuclear Research Centre Negev, University of Surrey, Australian National University, Yale University, University of York, NSCL and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Univ. of Wisconsin, San Diego State University, Bowdoin College, University of California at Berkeley, Brookhaven National Lab, U.C. Berkeley, Rice University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Univ. of Notre Dame, Mississippi State Univ., Univ. of Massachusetts-Lowell, Argonne National Lab, Florida State Univ., Univ. of Tennessee, US Naval Academy, Tsinghua University, LBNL, Vanderbilt Univ./LBNL, University of Toronto, Univ. of S. Dakota, NCSU \& TUNL, UNC-Chapel Hill \& TUNL, Duke Univ. \& TUNL, TTU, LANL, Texas A\&M University-Commerce, Institute of Mathematical Sciences, India and Argonne National laboratory, Cyclotron Institute at Texas A\&M University, Manitoba, Surrey, Yalw, Northwestern, Chicago, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Surrey Univ., Yale Univ., LLNL, Yale University, ENS de Cachan, Yale University, University of Surrey, Yale University, Nuclear Research Center Negev, McMaster University, Universit\"at zu K\"oln, Technische Universit\"at M\"unchen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\"at M\"unchen, University of Guelph, WNSL, Yale Univesity, WNSL, Yale University and Central Connecticut State University, WNSL, Yale University and Nuclear Research Center Negev, UC San Diego, McGill, University of Nevada Las Vegas, V.G. Khlopin Radium Instititute, V.G. Khlopin Radium Institute, NSCL/JINA/MSU, Maryland, Technische Universitat Munchen, Manitoba / ANL, The Ohio State University, Central Michigan University, Michigan State University and National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, UTK, ANL, JINA, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, NC 27708, NSCL, Michigan State University, Department of Physics, University of Surrey, UK, Department of Physics, Florida State University, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universit\"at M\"unchen, Germany, Technische Universit\"at M\"unchen, Germany, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada, University of Guelph, Canada, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, The Ohio State University, and Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, NSCL, and Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, NSCL, NSCL, Michigan State University, and Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, State University of New York at Oswego, INL, Univ. Fed. do Rio Janeiro, JINR, Univ. of TN, Univ. Notre Dame, Tsinghua Univ., Vanderbilt Univ., INP Kracow, Poland, University of California at Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Univ. of Richmond, University of California at Davis, University of North Carolina, Boudoin College, Lab for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Idaho State University, Universita di Trento, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, University of Arizona, Iowa State University, Drake University, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Muhlenberg College, Georgia College and State University, North Georgia College and State University, Duke \& TUNL, Wellesley College, Youngstown State University, IPNO Orsay, U. of Leuven, ASINS Swierk, IRes Strasbourg, U. of Complutense Madrid, WNSL, Yale University; TU Darmstadt, Westmont College, U. Mass., Naval Research Lab, Army Research Lab, Ecopulse, Inc., Bundesamt fuer Strahlenschutz, Germany, Ohio Wesleyan University, Monmouth College, BFS (Germany), Stanford University, Harvard University, National Institute of Standards and Technology, NSCL/MSU, Tennessee Technological University, University of Tennessee Knoxville, LPC Caen, France, Univ. of Edinburgh, UK, Univ. of Jyvaskyla, Finland, Texas A\&M University, Simon Fraser University, University of Kentucky, Georgia Tech, St Mary's University, Georgia Institute of Technology, The University of Tennessee Space Institute, Hampton University, Eastern Virginia Medical School, National Institutes of Aging, Kyushu University, Texas A\&M University Cyclotron Institute, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, NSCL and Physics \& Astronomy Dept., Michigan State University, East Lansing (MI), St Marys University, MSU, Japan Atomic Energy Agency/NSCL/MSU, Queens University, IKP Koeln, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory/Michigan State University, UC Berkeley, STUK

  • Zhao Bo

    Miss. St., UNIRIB, U. Tenn., Mich. St., Weizmann Inst., Rutgers U., ORNL, ANSTO (Australia), ANL, University of Iowa, Tenn. Tech. Univ., Univ. of Tenn., Rutgers, Univ. of Surrey, Univ. of Tenn./ORNL, LSU, Colorado School of Mines, ORAU, Florida State University, PNNL, TRIUMF, University of Washington, University of Pisa, Italy, IFIN-HH, Bucharest, Romania, GANIL, Caen, France, University of Liverpool, UK, LPC, Caen, France, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX 77843, Col. School of Mines, Tenn. Tech. U., U. of Tenn., Rutgers University, PTB, Braunschweig, U. Conn., TUNL, University of Notre Dame, JINA, Western Michigan University, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, ODU, EBAC@JLab, Osaka Univ., EBAC@JLab, Shizuoka Univ., EBAC@JLab, Argonne National Lab, EBAC@JLab, Univ. of Barcelona, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, FZD, NCSU and TUNL, UNC and TUNL, Duke and TUNL, RCNP Osaka, Tubingen, GANIL, Yale, WNSL, Yale University, WNSL, Yale University; Nuclear Research Center Negev, Israel, NPI, Rez, CSIC Madrid, U. of Cologne, U. of Sydney, U. Complutense Madrid, ILL, Grenoble, SINS, Swierk, Uppsala U., Greenville College, University of Tokyo, Japan, Michigan State University, University of Aizu, Japan, University of Manchester, UK, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Poland, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, IONTECH, University of Tennessee, Louisiana State University, UNIRIB, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wittenberg University, North Carolina State University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA, Vanderbilt University, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy and Dept. of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40506-0055, NSCL, MSU, University of Maryland, WNSL - Yale, Dept of Physics, University of Surrey, UK, Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Germany, Dept of Physics, ENS de Chachan, Chachan France, Nuclear Research Center Negev, Beer-Sheva Israel, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, Institute of Nuclear Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA \& Institute of Nuclear Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, TU Darmstadt, Nuclear Research Centre Negev, University of Surrey, Australian National University, Yale University, University of York, NSCL and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Univ. of Wisconsin, San Diego State University, Bowdoin College, University of California at Berkeley, Brookhaven National Lab, U.C. Berkeley, Rice University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Univ. of Notre Dame, Mississippi State Univ., Univ. of Massachusetts-Lowell, Argonne National Lab, Florida State Univ., Univ. of Tennessee, US Naval Academy, Tsinghua University, LBNL, Vanderbilt Univ./LBNL, University of Toronto, Univ. of S. Dakota, NCSU \& TUNL, UNC-Chapel Hill \& TUNL, Duke Univ. \& TUNL, TTU, LANL, Texas A\&M University-Commerce, Institute of Mathematical Sciences, India and Argonne National laboratory, Cyclotron Institute at Texas A\&M University, Manitoba, Surrey, Yalw, Northwestern, Chicago, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Surrey Univ., Yale Univ., LLNL, Yale University, ENS de Cachan, Yale University, University of Surrey, Yale University, Nuclear Research Center Negev, McMaster University, Universit\"at zu K\"oln, Technische Universit\"at M\"unchen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\"at M\"unchen, University of Guelph, WNSL, Yale Univesity, WNSL, Yale University and Central Connecticut State University, WNSL, Yale University and Nuclear Research Center Negev, UC San Diego, McGill, University of Nevada Las Vegas, V.G. Khlopin Radium Instititute, V.G. Khlopin Radium Institute, NSCL/JINA/MSU, Maryland, Technische Universitat Munchen, Manitoba / ANL, The Ohio State University, Central Michigan University, Michigan State University and National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, UTK, ANL, JINA, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, NC 27708, NSCL, Michigan State University, Department of Physics, University of Surrey, UK, Department of Physics, Florida State University, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universit\"at M\"unchen, Germany, Technische Universit\"at M\"unchen, Germany, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada, University of Guelph, Canada, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, The Ohio State University, and Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, NSCL, and Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, NSCL, NSCL, Michigan State University, and Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, State University of New York at Oswego, INL, Univ. Fed. do Rio Janeiro, JINR, Univ. of TN, Univ. Notre Dame, Tsinghua Univ., Vanderbilt Univ., INP Kracow, Poland, University of California at Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Univ. of Richmond, University of California at Davis, University of North Carolina, Boudoin College, Lab for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Idaho State University, Universita di Trento, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, University of Arizona, Iowa State University, Drake University, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Muhlenberg College, Georgia College and State University, North Georgia College and State University, Duke \& TUNL, Wellesley College, Youngstown State University, IPNO Orsay, U. of Leuven, ASINS Swierk, IRes Strasbourg, U. of Complutense Madrid, WNSL, Yale University; TU Darmstadt, Westmont College, U. Mass., Naval Research Lab, Army Research Lab, Ecopulse, Inc., Bundesamt fuer Strahlenschutz, Germany, Ohio Wesleyan University, Monmouth College, BFS (Germany), Stanford University, Harvard University, National Institute of Standards and Technology, NSCL/MSU, Tennessee Technological University, University of Tennessee Knoxville, LPC Caen, France, Univ. of Edinburgh, UK, Univ. of Jyvaskyla, Finland, Texas A\&M University, Simon Fraser University, University of Kentucky, Georgia Tech, St Mary's University, Georgia Institute of Technology, The University of Tennessee Space Institute, Hampton University, Eastern Virginia Medical School, National Institutes of Aging, Kyushu University, Texas A\&M University Cyclotron Institute, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, NSCL and Physics \& Astronomy Dept., Michigan State University, East Lansing (MI), St Marys University, MSU, Japan Atomic Energy Agency/NSCL/MSU, Queens University, IKP Koeln, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory/Michigan State University, UC Berkeley, STUK

  • Zhao Bo

    Miss. St., UNIRIB, U. Tenn., Mich. St., Weizmann Inst., Rutgers U., ORNL, ANSTO (Australia), ANL, University of Iowa, Tenn. Tech. Univ., Univ. of Tenn., Rutgers, Univ. of Surrey, Univ. of Tenn./ORNL, LSU, Colorado School of Mines, ORAU, Florida State University, PNNL, TRIUMF, University of Washington, University of Pisa, Italy, IFIN-HH, Bucharest, Romania, GANIL, Caen, France, University of Liverpool, UK, LPC, Caen, France, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX 77843, Col. School of Mines, Tenn. Tech. U., U. of Tenn., Rutgers University, PTB, Braunschweig, U. Conn., TUNL, University of Notre Dame, JINA, Western Michigan University, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, ODU, EBAC@JLab, Osaka Univ., EBAC@JLab, Shizuoka Univ., EBAC@JLab, Argonne National Lab, EBAC@JLab, Univ. of Barcelona, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, FZD, NCSU and TUNL, UNC and TUNL, Duke and TUNL, RCNP Osaka, Tubingen, GANIL, Yale, WNSL, Yale University, WNSL, Yale University; Nuclear Research Center Negev, Israel, NPI, Rez, CSIC Madrid, U. of Cologne, U. of Sydney, U. Complutense Madrid, ILL, Grenoble, SINS, Swierk, Uppsala U., Greenville College, University of Tokyo, Japan, Michigan State University, University of Aizu, Japan, University of Manchester, UK, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Poland, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, IONTECH, University of Tennessee, Louisiana State University, UNIRIB, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wittenberg University, North Carolina State University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA, Vanderbilt University, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy and Dept. of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40506-0055, NSCL, MSU, University of Maryland, WNSL - Yale, Dept of Physics, University of Surrey, UK, Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Germany, Dept of Physics, ENS de Chachan, Chachan France, Nuclear Research Center Negev, Beer-Sheva Israel, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, Institute of Nuclear Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA \& Institute of Nuclear Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, TU Darmstadt, Nuclear Research Centre Negev, University of Surrey, Australian National University, Yale University, University of York, NSCL and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Univ. of Wisconsin, San Diego State University, Bowdoin College, University of California at Berkeley, Brookhaven National Lab, U.C. Berkeley, Rice University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Univ. of Notre Dame, Mississippi State Univ., Univ. of Massachusetts-Lowell, Argonne National Lab, Florida State Univ., Univ. of Tennessee, US Naval Academy, Tsinghua University, LBNL, Vanderbilt Univ./LBNL, University of Toronto, Univ. of S. Dakota, NCSU \& TUNL, UNC-Chapel Hill \& TUNL, Duke Univ. \& TUNL, TTU, LANL, Texas A\&M University-Commerce, Institute of Mathematical Sciences, India and Argonne National laboratory, Cyclotron Institute at Texas A\&M University, Manitoba, Surrey, Yalw, Northwestern, Chicago, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Surrey Univ., Yale Univ., LLNL, Yale University, ENS de Cachan, Yale University, University of Surrey, Yale University, Nuclear Research Center Negev, McMaster University, Universit\"at zu K\"oln, Technische Universit\"at M\"unchen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\"at M\"unchen, University of Guelph, WNSL, Yale Univesity, WNSL, Yale University and Central Connecticut State University, WNSL, Yale University and Nuclear Research Center Negev, UC San Diego, McGill, University of Nevada Las Vegas, V.G. Khlopin Radium Instititute, V.G. Khlopin Radium Institute, NSCL/JINA/MSU, Maryland, Technische Universitat Munchen, Manitoba / ANL, The Ohio State University, Central Michigan University, Michigan State University and National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, UTK, ANL, JINA, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, NC 27708, NSCL, Michigan State University, Department of Physics, University of Surrey, UK, Department of Physics, Florida State University, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universit\"at M\"unchen, Germany, Technische Universit\"at M\"unchen, Germany, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada, University of Guelph, Canada, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, The Ohio State University, and Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, NSCL, and Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, NSCL, NSCL, Michigan State University, and Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, State University of New York at Oswego, INL, Univ. Fed. do Rio Janeiro, JINR, Univ. of TN, Univ. Notre Dame, Tsinghua Univ., Vanderbilt Univ., INP Kracow, Poland, University of California at Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Univ. of Richmond, University of California at Davis, University of North Carolina, Boudoin College, Lab for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Idaho State University, Universita di Trento, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, University of Arizona, Iowa State University, Drake University, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Muhlenberg College, Georgia College and State University, North Georgia College and State University, Duke \& TUNL, Wellesley College, Youngstown State University, IPNO Orsay, U. of Leuven, ASINS Swierk, IRes Strasbourg, U. of Complutense Madrid, WNSL, Yale University; TU Darmstadt, Westmont College, U. Mass., Naval Research Lab, Army Research Lab, Ecopulse, Inc., Bundesamt fuer Strahlenschutz, Germany, Ohio Wesleyan University, Monmouth College, BFS (Germany), Stanford University, Harvard University, National Institute of Standards and Technology, NSCL/MSU, Tennessee Technological University, University of Tennessee Knoxville, LPC Caen, France, Univ. of Edinburgh, UK, Univ. of Jyvaskyla, Finland, Texas A\&M University, Simon Fraser University, University of Kentucky, Georgia Tech, St Mary's University, Georgia Institute of Technology, The University of Tennessee Space Institute, Hampton University, Eastern Virginia Medical School, National Institutes of Aging, Kyushu University, Texas A\&M University Cyclotron Institute, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, NSCL and Physics \& Astronomy Dept., Michigan State University, East Lansing (MI), St Marys University, MSU, Japan Atomic Energy Agency/NSCL/MSU, Queens University, IKP Koeln, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory/Michigan State University, UC Berkeley, STUK

  • Zhao Bo

    Miss. St., UNIRIB, U. Tenn., Mich. St., Weizmann Inst., Rutgers U., ORNL, ANSTO (Australia), ANL, University of Iowa, Tenn. Tech. Univ., Univ. of Tenn., Rutgers, Univ. of Surrey, Univ. of Tenn./ORNL, LSU, Colorado School of Mines, ORAU, Florida State University, PNNL, TRIUMF, University of Washington, University of Pisa, Italy, IFIN-HH, Bucharest, Romania, GANIL, Caen, France, University of Liverpool, UK, LPC, Caen, France, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX 77843, Col. School of Mines, Tenn. Tech. U., U. of Tenn., Rutgers University, PTB, Braunschweig, U. Conn., TUNL, University of Notre Dame, JINA, Western Michigan University, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, ODU, EBAC@JLab, Osaka Univ., EBAC@JLab, Shizuoka Univ., EBAC@JLab, Argonne National Lab, EBAC@JLab, Univ. of Barcelona, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, FZD, NCSU and TUNL, UNC and TUNL, Duke and TUNL, RCNP Osaka, Tubingen, GANIL, Yale, WNSL, Yale University, WNSL, Yale University; Nuclear Research Center Negev, Israel, NPI, Rez, CSIC Madrid, U. of Cologne, U. of Sydney, U. Complutense Madrid, ILL, Grenoble, SINS, Swierk, Uppsala U., Greenville College, University of Tokyo, Japan, Michigan State University, University of Aizu, Japan, University of Manchester, UK, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Poland, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, IONTECH, University of Tennessee, Louisiana State University, UNIRIB, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wittenberg University, North Carolina State University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA, Vanderbilt University, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy and Dept. of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40506-0055, NSCL, MSU, University of Maryland, WNSL - Yale, Dept of Physics, University of Surrey, UK, Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Germany, Dept of Physics, ENS de Chachan, Chachan France, Nuclear Research Center Negev, Beer-Sheva Israel, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, Institute of Nuclear Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA \& Institute of Nuclear Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, TU Darmstadt, Nuclear Research Centre Negev, University of Surrey, Australian National University, Yale University, University of York, NSCL and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Univ. of Wisconsin, San Diego State University, Bowdoin College, University of California at Berkeley, Brookhaven National Lab, U.C. Berkeley, Rice University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Univ. of Notre Dame, Mississippi State Univ., Univ. of Massachusetts-Lowell, Argonne National Lab, Florida State Univ., Univ. of Tennessee, US Naval Academy, Tsinghua University, LBNL, Vanderbilt Univ./LBNL, University of Toronto, Univ. of S. Dakota, NCSU \& TUNL, UNC-Chapel Hill \& TUNL, Duke Univ. \& TUNL, TTU, LANL, Texas A\&M University-Commerce, Institute of Mathematical Sciences, India and Argonne National laboratory, Cyclotron Institute at Texas A\&M University, Manitoba, Surrey, Yalw, Northwestern, Chicago, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Surrey Univ., Yale Univ., LLNL, Yale University, ENS de Cachan, Yale University, University of Surrey, Yale University, Nuclear Research Center Negev, McMaster University, Universit\"at zu K\"oln, Technische Universit\"at M\"unchen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\"at M\"unchen, University of Guelph, WNSL, Yale Univesity, WNSL, Yale University and Central Connecticut State University, WNSL, Yale University and Nuclear Research Center Negev, UC San Diego, McGill, University of Nevada Las Vegas, V.G. Khlopin Radium Instititute, V.G. Khlopin Radium Institute, NSCL/JINA/MSU, Maryland, Technische Universitat Munchen, Manitoba / ANL, The Ohio State University, Central Michigan University, Michigan State University and National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, UTK, ANL, JINA, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, NC 27708, NSCL, Michigan State University, Department of Physics, University of Surrey, UK, Department of Physics, Florida State University, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universit\"at M\"unchen, Germany, Technische Universit\"at M\"unchen, Germany, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada, University of Guelph, Canada, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, The Ohio State University, and Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, NSCL, and Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, NSCL, NSCL, Michigan State University, and Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, State University of New York at Oswego, INL, Univ. Fed. do Rio Janeiro, JINR, Univ. of TN, Univ. Notre Dame, Tsinghua Univ., Vanderbilt Univ., INP Kracow, Poland, University of California at Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Univ. of Richmond, University of California at Davis, University of North Carolina, Boudoin College, Lab for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Idaho State University, Universita di Trento, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, University of Arizona, Iowa State University, Drake University, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Muhlenberg College, Georgia College and State University, North Georgia College and State University, Duke \& TUNL, Wellesley College, Youngstown State University, IPNO Orsay, U. of Leuven, ASINS Swierk, IRes Strasbourg, U. of Complutense Madrid, WNSL, Yale University; TU Darmstadt, Westmont College, U. Mass., Naval Research Lab, Army Research Lab, Ecopulse, Inc., Bundesamt fuer Strahlenschutz, Germany, Ohio Wesleyan University, Monmouth College, BFS (Germany), Stanford University, Harvard University, National Institute of Standards and Technology, NSCL/MSU, Tennessee Technological University, University of Tennessee Knoxville, LPC Caen, France, Univ. of Edinburgh, UK, Univ. of Jyvaskyla, Finland, Texas A\&M University, Simon Fraser University, University of Kentucky, Georgia Tech, St Mary's University, Georgia Institute of Technology, The University of Tennessee Space Institute, Hampton University, Eastern Virginia Medical School, National Institutes of Aging, Kyushu University, Texas A\&M University Cyclotron Institute, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, NSCL and Physics \& Astronomy Dept., Michigan State University, East Lansing (MI), St Marys University, MSU, Japan Atomic Energy Agency/NSCL/MSU, Queens University, IKP Koeln, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory/Michigan State University, UC Berkeley, STUK

  • Zhao Bo

    Miss. St., UNIRIB, U. Tenn., Mich. St., Weizmann Inst., Rutgers U., ORNL, ANSTO (Australia), ANL, University of Iowa, Tenn. Tech. Univ., Univ. of Tenn., Rutgers, Univ. of Surrey, Univ. of Tenn./ORNL, LSU, Colorado School of Mines, ORAU, Florida State University, PNNL, TRIUMF, University of Washington, University of Pisa, Italy, IFIN-HH, Bucharest, Romania, GANIL, Caen, France, University of Liverpool, UK, LPC, Caen, France, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX 77843, Col. School of Mines, Tenn. Tech. U., U. of Tenn., Rutgers University, PTB, Braunschweig, U. Conn., TUNL, University of Notre Dame, JINA, Western Michigan University, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, ODU, EBAC@JLab, Osaka Univ., EBAC@JLab, Shizuoka Univ., EBAC@JLab, Argonne National Lab, EBAC@JLab, Univ. of Barcelona, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, FZD, NCSU and TUNL, UNC and TUNL, Duke and TUNL, RCNP Osaka, Tubingen, GANIL, Yale, WNSL, Yale University, WNSL, Yale University; Nuclear Research Center Negev, Israel, NPI, Rez, CSIC Madrid, U. of Cologne, U. of Sydney, U. Complutense Madrid, ILL, Grenoble, SINS, Swierk, Uppsala U., Greenville College, University of Tokyo, Japan, Michigan State University, University of Aizu, Japan, University of Manchester, UK, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Poland, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, IONTECH, University of Tennessee, Louisiana State University, UNIRIB, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wittenberg University, North Carolina State University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA, Vanderbilt University, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy and Dept. of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40506-0055, NSCL, MSU, University of Maryland, WNSL - Yale, Dept of Physics, University of Surrey, UK, Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Germany, Dept of Physics, ENS de Chachan, Chachan France, Nuclear Research Center Negev, Beer-Sheva Israel, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, Institute of Nuclear Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA \& Institute of Nuclear Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, TU Darmstadt, Nuclear Research Centre Negev, University of Surrey, Australian National University, Yale University, University of York, NSCL and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Univ. of Wisconsin, San Diego State University, Bowdoin College, University of California at Berkeley, Brookhaven National Lab, U.C. Berkeley, Rice University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Univ. of Notre Dame, Mississippi State Univ., Univ. of Massachusetts-Lowell, Argonne National Lab, Florida State Univ., Univ. of Tennessee, US Naval Academy, Tsinghua University, LBNL, Vanderbilt Univ./LBNL, University of Toronto, Univ. of S. Dakota, NCSU \& TUNL, UNC-Chapel Hill \& TUNL, Duke Univ. \& TUNL, TTU, LANL, Texas A\&M University-Commerce, Institute of Mathematical Sciences, India and Argonne National laboratory, Cyclotron Institute at Texas A\&M University, Manitoba, Surrey, Yalw, Northwestern, Chicago, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Surrey Univ., Yale Univ., LLNL, Yale University, ENS de Cachan, Yale University, University of Surrey, Yale University, Nuclear Research Center Negev, McMaster University, Universit\"at zu K\"oln, Technische Universit\"at M\"unchen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\"at M\"unchen, University of Guelph, WNSL, Yale Univesity, WNSL, Yale University and Central Connecticut State University, WNSL, Yale University and Nuclear Research Center Negev, UC San Diego, McGill, University of Nevada Las Vegas, V.G. Khlopin Radium Instititute, V.G. Khlopin Radium Institute, NSCL/JINA/MSU, Maryland, Technische Universitat Munchen, Manitoba / ANL, The Ohio State University, Central Michigan University, Michigan State University and National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, UTK, ANL, JINA, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, NC 27708, NSCL, Michigan State University, Department of Physics, University of Surrey, UK, Department of Physics, Florida State University, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universit\"at M\"unchen, Germany, Technische Universit\"at M\"unchen, Germany, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada, University of Guelph, Canada, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, The Ohio State University, and Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, NSCL, and Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, NSCL, NSCL, Michigan State University, and Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, State University of New York at Oswego, INL, Univ. Fed. do Rio Janeiro, JINR, Univ. of TN, Univ. Notre Dame, Tsinghua Univ., Vanderbilt Univ., INP Kracow, Poland, University of California at Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Univ. of Richmond, University of California at Davis, University of North Carolina, Boudoin College, Lab for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Idaho State University, Universita di Trento, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, University of Arizona, Iowa State University, Drake University, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Muhlenberg College, Georgia College and State University, North Georgia College and State University, Duke \& TUNL, Wellesley College, Youngstown State University, IPNO Orsay, U. of Leuven, ASINS Swierk, IRes Strasbourg, U. of Complutense Madrid, WNSL, Yale University; TU Darmstadt, Westmont College, U. Mass., Naval Research Lab, Army Research Lab, Ecopulse, Inc., Bundesamt fuer Strahlenschutz, Germany, Ohio Wesleyan University, Monmouth College, BFS (Germany), Stanford University, Harvard University, National Institute of Standards and Technology, NSCL/MSU, Tennessee Technological University, University of Tennessee Knoxville, LPC Caen, France, Univ. of Edinburgh, UK, Univ. of Jyvaskyla, Finland, Texas A\&M University, Simon Fraser University, University of Kentucky, Georgia Tech, St Mary's University, Georgia Institute of Technology, The University of Tennessee Space Institute, Hampton University, Eastern Virginia Medical School, National Institutes of Aging, Kyushu University, Texas A\&M University Cyclotron Institute, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, NSCL and Physics \& Astronomy Dept., Michigan State University, East Lansing (MI), St Marys University, MSU, Japan Atomic Energy Agency/NSCL/MSU, Queens University, IKP Koeln, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory/Michigan State University, UC Berkeley, STUK

  • Zhao Bo

    Miss. St., UNIRIB, U. Tenn., Mich. St., Weizmann Inst., Rutgers U., ORNL, ANSTO (Australia), ANL, University of Iowa, Tenn. Tech. Univ., Univ. of Tenn., Rutgers, Univ. of Surrey, Univ. of Tenn./ORNL, LSU, Colorado School of Mines, ORAU, Florida State University, PNNL, TRIUMF, University of Washington, University of Pisa, Italy, IFIN-HH, Bucharest, Romania, GANIL, Caen, France, University of Liverpool, UK, LPC, Caen, France, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX 77843, Col. School of Mines, Tenn. Tech. U., U. of Tenn., Rutgers University, PTB, Braunschweig, U. Conn., TUNL, University of Notre Dame, JINA, Western Michigan University, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, ODU, EBAC@JLab, Osaka Univ., EBAC@JLab, Shizuoka Univ., EBAC@JLab, Argonne National Lab, EBAC@JLab, Univ. of Barcelona, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, FZD, NCSU and TUNL, UNC and TUNL, Duke and TUNL, RCNP Osaka, Tubingen, GANIL, Yale, WNSL, Yale University, WNSL, Yale University; Nuclear Research Center Negev, Israel, NPI, Rez, CSIC Madrid, U. of Cologne, U. of Sydney, U. Complutense Madrid, ILL, Grenoble, SINS, Swierk, Uppsala U., Greenville College, University of Tokyo, Japan, Michigan State University, University of Aizu, Japan, University of Manchester, UK, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Poland, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, IONTECH, University of Tennessee, Louisiana State University, UNIRIB, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wittenberg University, North Carolina State University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA, Vanderbilt University, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy and Dept. of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40506-0055, NSCL, MSU, University of Maryland, WNSL - Yale, Dept of Physics, University of Surrey, UK, Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Germany, Dept of Physics, ENS de Chachan, Chachan France, Nuclear Research Center Negev, Beer-Sheva Israel, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, Institute of Nuclear Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA \& Institute of Nuclear Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, TU Darmstadt, Nuclear Research Centre Negev, University of Surrey, Australian National University, Yale University, University of York, NSCL and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Univ. of Wisconsin, San Diego State University, Bowdoin College, University of California at Berkeley, Brookhaven National Lab, U.C. Berkeley, Rice University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Univ. of Notre Dame, Mississippi State Univ., Univ. of Massachusetts-Lowell, Argonne National Lab, Florida State Univ., Univ. of Tennessee, US Naval Academy, Tsinghua University, LBNL, Vanderbilt Univ./LBNL, University of Toronto, Univ. of S. Dakota, NCSU \& TUNL, UNC-Chapel Hill \& TUNL, Duke Univ. \& TUNL, TTU, LANL, Texas A\&M University-Commerce, Institute of Mathematical Sciences, India and Argonne National laboratory, Cyclotron Institute at Texas A\&M University, Manitoba, Surrey, Yalw, Northwestern, Chicago, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Surrey Univ., Yale Univ., LLNL, Yale University, ENS de Cachan, Yale University, University of Surrey, Yale University, Nuclear Research Center Negev, McMaster University, Universit\"at zu K\"oln, Technische Universit\"at M\"unchen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\"at M\"unchen, University of Guelph, WNSL, Yale Univesity, WNSL, Yale University and Central Connecticut State University, WNSL, Yale University and Nuclear Research Center Negev, UC San Diego, McGill, University of Nevada Las Vegas, V.G. Khlopin Radium Instititute, V.G. Khlopin Radium Institute, NSCL/JINA/MSU, Maryland, Technische Universitat Munchen, Manitoba / ANL, The Ohio State University, Central Michigan University, Michigan State University and National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, UTK, ANL, JINA, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, NC 27708, NSCL, Michigan State University, Department of Physics, University of Surrey, UK, Department of Physics, Florida State University, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universit\"at M\"unchen, Germany, Technische Universit\"at M\"unchen, Germany, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada, University of Guelph, Canada, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, The Ohio State University, and Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, NSCL, and Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, NSCL, NSCL, Michigan State University, and Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, State University of New York at Oswego, INL, Univ. Fed. do Rio Janeiro, JINR, Univ. of TN, Univ. Notre Dame, Tsinghua Univ., Vanderbilt Univ., INP Kracow, Poland, University of California at Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Univ. of Richmond, University of California at Davis, University of North Carolina, Boudoin College, Lab for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Idaho State University, Universita di Trento, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, University of Arizona, Iowa State University, Drake University, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Muhlenberg College, Georgia College and State University, North Georgia College and State University, Duke \& TUNL, Wellesley College, Youngstown State University, IPNO Orsay, U. of Leuven, ASINS Swierk, IRes Strasbourg, U. of Complutense Madrid, WNSL, Yale University; TU Darmstadt, Westmont College, U. Mass., Naval Research Lab, Army Research Lab, Ecopulse, Inc., Bundesamt fuer Strahlenschutz, Germany, Ohio Wesleyan University, Monmouth College, BFS (Germany), Stanford University, Harvard University, National Institute of Standards and Technology, NSCL/MSU, Tennessee Technological University, University of Tennessee Knoxville, LPC Caen, France, Univ. of Edinburgh, UK, Univ. of Jyvaskyla, Finland, Texas A\&M University, Simon Fraser University, University of Kentucky, Georgia Tech, St Mary's University, Georgia Institute of Technology, The University of Tennessee Space Institute, Hampton University, Eastern Virginia Medical School, National Institutes of Aging, Kyushu University, Texas A\&M University Cyclotron Institute, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, NSCL and Physics \& Astronomy Dept., Michigan State University, East Lansing (MI), St Marys University, MSU, Japan Atomic Energy Agency/NSCL/MSU, Queens University, IKP Koeln, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory/Michigan State University, UC Berkeley, STUK