Two-way interaction between quantum turbulence and normal fluid turbulence in superfluid helium-4

We conduct a two-way coupled simulation to investigate the interaction between quantum turbulence and normal fluid turbulence in superfluid helium-4. At ultra-low temperatures, superfluid helium-4 consists of an inviscid superfluid component and a viscous normal fluid component. The circulation of the superfluid velocity is quantized, meaning that the superfluid exists as quantized vortex lines. These tangled vortex lines are referred to as quantum turbulence. Our findings indicate that normal fluid turbulence enhances quantum turbulence due to internal mutual friction in thermal counterflows. The response parameter obtained from our numerical simulations aligns well with experimental results. In our two-way coupled simulation, we observed that the energy in the decaying superfluid turbulence follows a power law consistent with Kolmogorov spectra. In contrast, in a one-way simulation, the energy profile differs from the power law associated with Kolmogorov spectra.