Spontaneous generation of helical flows by salt fingers

We present the dynamics of salt fingers in the regime of slow salinity diffusion (small inverse Lewis number) and strong stratification (large density ratio), focusing on regimes relevant to Earth's oceans. Using three-dimensional direct numerical simulations in periodic domains, we show that salt fingers exhibit rich, multiscale dynamics in this regime, with vertically elongated fingers that are twisted into helical shapes at large scales by mean flows and disrupted at small scales by isotropic eddies. We use a multiscale asymptotic analysis to motivate a reduced set of partial differential equations that filters internal gravity waves and removes inertia from all parts of the momentum equation except for the Reynolds stress that drives the helical mean flow. When simulated numerically, the reduced equations capture the same dynamics and fluxes as the full equations in the appropriate regime. The reduced equations enforce zero helicity in all fluctuations about the mean flow, implying that the symmetry-breaking helical flow is spontaneously generated by strictly non-helical fluctuations.