Probing frictional mechanics in Gemini hydrogel interfaces

We use mesoscale computational modeling to probe the friction between sliding hydrogel layers with identical structures under different sliding rates and compressive forces. To this end, we develop a dissipative particle dynamics model with explicit viscous solvent where gels are represented using the bead spring model. By systematically varying the applied load and sliding rate, we map the emerging friction coefficients, contact morphologies, and internal deformation fields. We analyze the interfacial structures and interpenetration of polymeric chains in opposing gels and explore how these parameters are related to the gel-gel tribology and are influenced by the imposed loads and shear rates. These results offer design guidelines for developing soft frictional interfaces in biomedical and soft‑robotic applications.