Particle-resolved simulation of sediment transport over vibrating bed

To understand surface-particle remobilization during seismic events, we performed particle-resolved direct numerical simulations (PR-DNS) on sediment transport over a vibrating bed. We considered varying oscillation conditions in horizontal and/or vertical directions and conducted both time-averaged and phase-averaged analyses on different cases. Time-averaged analyses revealed smaller mean velocities and reduced Reynolds normal stresses in all cases involving oscillations. Phase-averaged analyses suggested that fluid velocity and Reynolds normal stresses are significantly influenced by the oscillation phase. Regarding sediment transport rate, time-averaged analyses showed that mean sediment transport rates increased in all cases involving oscillations, while phase-averaged analyses highlighted different sediment transport patterns across varying oscillation conditions.