Evaluating the efficacy of wind-wave interaction models to calculate wave-induced stresses for "wave-modeled" Large Eddy Simulation

The sea-state is characterized by a combination of wind-driven waves and long-wavelength swell waves, both interacting with the wind to exchange energy and momentum. Recently, Aiyer et al. (2023,2024) introduced a wall-modeling framework to calculate drag from the interaction of airflow with generalized moving surfaces, focusing on the pressure (form) drag with the effects of long-wavelength swell waves empirically parameterized using a phase-averaged approach. However, kinematic effects related to the vertical motions of the wave surface remains a challenge to resolve for wall-modeled Large-eddy Simulation (LES) due to the absence of vertical surface motions, leading to an underestimation of wave-induced stresses. This study evaluates the suitability of four wind-wave models: Miles' (1959) critical layer model, Townsend's (1980) rapid-distortion model, Belcher's (1998) non-separated sheltering model, and Kudryavtsev et al.'s (2014) wind-over-waves model for use in LES. Each model calculates wave-induced pressure fluctuations (causing form drag through pressure-slope correlations) and/or wave-induced stresses. We discuss the applicability and implementation strategies of each model within the context of wall-modeled Large-Eddy Simulation.