Flow Patterns in Teepees: Understanding Fluid Dynamics in Traditional Shelters

Teepee (Tipi) design has been developed over generations by multiple tribal groups, that are informed by both people and place. However, the resultant flow structures that arise have not received comprehensive attention from a fluid dynamics framework. In this study, a lab-scale structure based on a contemporary Assiniboine teepee – consisting of poles, cover, and an internal liner that guides flow – is used to better understand the internal and external flow structures around a teepee. Using differing fan setups and speeds, velocity measurements are made using an anemometer at several locations including outlets at the top of the liner, inlets at the bottom, smoke hole, and door. The flow direction is from the back to the front of the teepee. It is found that while most of the flow goes around the teepee, air flow that enters the teepee travels up and around the internal liner before exiting from the upper smoke hole at ~20% the initial flow velocity. Using smoke flow visualization along the center axis of the teepee, illuminated by a laser light sheet, a large-scale vortex is also observed at the front of the teepee. In addition to contributions to fluid dynamics, this research will aid in developing culturally responsive educational materials and increasing representation of Indigenous perspectives in engineering.