Direct numerical simulation of non-zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layers

Turbulent boundary layers (TBL) subjected to pressure gradients are of great interest in wall modeling and aerodynamic design considerations. In the present work, direct numerical simulation (DNS) of TBLs with various favorable and adverse pressure gradients at low Reynolds numbers will be carried out. The objective of the study is to analyze and model the non-equilibrium effects of pressure gradients as well as create a comprehensive high-fidelity data set of non-zero pressure gradient TBLs.