High-speed particle-laden flows over double-cone

Extreme weather conditions with active volcano eruptions around the world impose increased uncertainties for flight safety. One of the uncertainties is induced by the multiphase flow system formed by the volcano ash suspended in the air. High-speed vehicles traveling in such particle-laden flows experience significant challenges compared to their travel in the clear air, such as surface erosion, ventilation clog, and increased heat transfer rate. However, the evolution of the particle phase in shock-dominant flows and the impact of particle-laden flow are not well understood. To this end, we apply a one-way coupling Lagrangian approach to model the evolution and impact of solid particles with various diameters in a flow at M=16 over a 25^o-55^o double cone. A DSMC solver is used to simulate gas phases at Reynolds numbers of 9.35x10⁴ to 3.74x10⁵. As the Reynolds number increases, a larger separation region with a secondary vortex structure is formed between two contact cones, and the shock layers become thinner. The study will address the changes in shock structure and separation region that will affect the evolution of solid particles depending on the initial diameters and the impact on the surface of the double-cone.