Mixing it up: Vortex generation as a means to enhance solar panel convection

Lifespan and efficiency of solar photovoltaic (PV) cells plummet with increased cell temperature. Array and module variations such as height, spacing and inclination angle can promote convective cooling via increased turbulence. However, such large-scale renovations prove costly. Thus, more adaptable, inexpensive approaches to solar panel cooling are necessary. This study explores adoption of modular vortex generators (VGs) to enhance surface convection via turbulent boundary layer adhesion. Inspired by the aviation and electronics industries, variations in VG geometry, configuration, and location are examined with respect to PV module cooling. Wind tunnel experiments consider both single and arrayed inclined plates, with inflow velocities ranging from 3.5 to 15 m/s, encompassing a range of conditions from a gentle breeze to high winds. Thermocouple and cold-wire anemometry data capture both module-level cooling and thermal boundary layer behavior, while hotwire and particle image velocimetry data are used to examine momentum boundary layer changes and wake effects due to VG presence. Results from this work can inform an array of industrial applications, while simultaneously giving fundamental insight into VG cooling effects for inclined surfaces in external flows.