Failure of bacterial streamers in creeping flows

ORAL

Abstract

In the recent years, the dynamical response of filamentous bacterial aggregates called bacterial streamer in creeping flows has attracted attention. We report the observation of `necking-type' instability leading to failure in bacterial (\textit{Pseudomonas fluorescens}) streamers formed in creeping flows. Quantification of the failure process was made possible through the use of 200 nm red fluorescent polystyrene tracer particles embedded in the bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The nonlinear failure behavior shows distinct phases of deformation with mutually different characteristic times, which end with a distinct localized failure of the streamer. We also develop a simplified analytical model to describe the experimental observations of the failure phenomena. The theoretical power law relationship between critical stretch ratio and the fluid velocity scale matches closely experimental observations.

Authors

  • Ishita Biswas

    Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G8

  • Muyiwa Samuel Adaramola

    University of Pennsylvania, Drexel University, Hiroshima University, Tech Univ Darmstadt, Montana State University, University of Colorado Boulder, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Oakwood School, UT Dallas, University of Notre Dame, Hebei University of Technology, US Dept. Agriculture, UT Austin, Université de Grenoble Alpes, LEGI, Université Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Ecole Centrale Lyon, CNRS, LMFA UMR 5509, Univ of Manchester, Department of Physics & INFN, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy, TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Hyderabad, India, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, University of Southampton, Michigan State University, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Univ of Notre Dame, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Univ of Electro-Comm (UEC), Imperial College London, NASA Ames Research Center, Stanford University, University of Waterloo, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Newcastle Univ., INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Univ. di Trento, University of Maryland, College Park, NASA Glenn Research Center, NASA Glenn Research Center retired, Portland State University, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Dept. Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, University of Cincinnati, Chung-Ang University, University of Southern California, Tohoku University, Osaka University, Massachusetts Inst of Tech-MIT, Univ of California - Los Angeles, Illinois Institute of Technology, University of Missouri - Columbia, Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico Tech, AFRL, Clemson Univ, North Carolina State University, ALZETA Corporation, National Cancer Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, University of Minnesota, Texas Tech University, Johns Hopkins Univ, Georgia Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Kyoto University, Univ Joseph Fourier, CNRS, University of Iceland, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Petroleum Institute, IHPC A*STAR, University of Leeds, Physics of Fluids Group, University of Twente, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, University of Rome ``Tor Vergata'', University of Sydney, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Princeton University, Bates College, Nanoengineered Systems Laboratory, UCL Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK, University of Nottingham, Lehigh University, Center for Turbulence Research, Stanford University, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, University of Maryland, University of New Mexico, Univ of Udine and TU Wien, TU Wien, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, New Jersey Institute of Technology, United States Botanic Garden, University of Wisconsin, Indian Institute of Technology - Kanpur, Normandie Univ., UNIHAVRE, CNRS, LOMC, Le Havre, France, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur India, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee India, School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, The University of Melbourne, Purdue Univ, Ulsan Natl Inst of Sci & Tech, AIST, NMIJ, Nagoya Univ., Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Royal Military College of Canada, Monash Univ, U. Polit\'ecnica Madrid, Iowa State University, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, IBM Research, AICS, RIKEN, Department of High Performance Computing and Visualization, KTH, Osaka Univ, Dept. Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kyoto University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Zuse Institute, Berlin, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G8, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando FL 32816, Univ of Mass - Amherst, Shell Global Solutions Ltd, Univ. of Florida, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Gainesville, FL, USA, Univ. of Lille 1, IEMN CNRS 8520, Lille, France, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineerng, Princeton University, Harvard University, Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Brown University, Sungkyunkwan University, Div. Cardiology, Div. Cardiothoracic Surgery, Dept. Medicine. U. Minnesota, Mechanical Engineering. U. Washington, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, LIPhy, CNRS - Universit\'e Grenoble Alpes, Washington State Univerity, United States Geological Survey, NCAR, U. Colorado, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, KTH Mechanics, Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, Gothenburg University, University of Aix-Marseille, Centre for Energy Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Australia, School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Australia, New York University, Arizona State Univeristy, Arizona State University, Univ of Cambridge, University of Rostock, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Pennsylvania State University, Center for Compressible Multiphase Turbulence - Univ. of Florida, Sapienza University of Rome, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, BluSource Energy, Inc, Massachusetts Maritime Academy, Volpe - The National Transportation Authority, Wellesly College, Department of Mechanical Engineering. University of Washington, Applied Physics Lab. 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S. Army ARDEC, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, Institute for Energy Technology, University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez, Monash University, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Koeln, Germany, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Goettingen, Germany, Bundeswehr University Munich, Germany, Laboratoire de Mecanique de Lille, France, Monash University and University of Minnesota, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Innolas GmbH, Germany, University of Bologna, Monash University, Ecole Centrale de Lille, University of Bologna, Italy, Ecole Centrale de Lille, France, Monash University, Australia, San Diego State University, Department of Physics, Duke University., Institute for Computational Design, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany, Laboratoire de M\'{e}canique et G\'{e}nie Civil, Universit\'{e} de Montpellier, Montpellier, France, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R.C., Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Novosibirsk State University, Russia, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai University, Univ of South Florida, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. 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  • Muyiwa Samuel Adaramola

    University of Pennsylvania, Drexel University, Hiroshima University, Tech Univ Darmstadt, Montana State University, University of Colorado Boulder, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Oakwood School, UT Dallas, University of Notre Dame, Hebei University of Technology, US Dept. Agriculture, UT Austin, Université de Grenoble Alpes, LEGI, Université Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Ecole Centrale Lyon, CNRS, LMFA UMR 5509, Univ of Manchester, Department of Physics & INFN, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy, TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Hyderabad, India, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, University of Southampton, Michigan State University, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Univ of Notre Dame, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Univ of Electro-Comm (UEC), Imperial College London, NASA Ames Research Center, Stanford University, University of Waterloo, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Newcastle Univ., INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Univ. di Trento, University of Maryland, College Park, NASA Glenn Research Center, NASA Glenn Research Center retired, Portland State University, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Dept. Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, University of Cincinnati, Chung-Ang University, University of Southern California, Tohoku University, Osaka University, Massachusetts Inst of Tech-MIT, Univ of California - Los Angeles, Illinois Institute of Technology, University of Missouri - Columbia, Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico Tech, AFRL, Clemson Univ, North Carolina State University, ALZETA Corporation, National Cancer Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, University of Minnesota, Texas Tech University, Johns Hopkins Univ, Georgia Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Kyoto University, Univ Joseph Fourier, CNRS, University of Iceland, Univ of Colorado - Boulder, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Petroleum Institute, IHPC A*STAR, University of Leeds, Physics of Fluids Group, University of Twente, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, University of Rome ``Tor Vergata'', University of Sydney, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Princeton University, Bates College, Nanoengineered Systems Laboratory, UCL Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK, University of Nottingham, Lehigh University, Center for Turbulence Research, Stanford University, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, University of Maryland, University of New Mexico, Univ of Udine and TU Wien, TU Wien, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, New Jersey Institute of Technology, United States Botanic Garden, University of Wisconsin, Indian Institute of Technology - Kanpur, Normandie Univ., UNIHAVRE, CNRS, LOMC, Le Havre, France, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur India, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee India, School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, The University of Melbourne, Purdue Univ, Ulsan Natl Inst of Sci & Tech, AIST, NMIJ, Nagoya Univ., Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Royal Military College of Canada, Monash Univ, U. Polit\'ecnica Madrid, Iowa State University, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, IBM Research, AICS, RIKEN, Department of High Performance Computing and Visualization, KTH, Osaka Univ, Dept. Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kyoto University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Zuse Institute, Berlin, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G8, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando FL 32816, Univ of Mass - Amherst, Shell Global Solutions Ltd, Univ. of Florida, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Gainesville, FL, USA, Univ. of Lille 1, IEMN CNRS 8520, Lille, France, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineerng, Princeton University, Harvard University, Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Brown University, Sungkyunkwan University, Div. Cardiology, Div. Cardiothoracic Surgery, Dept. Medicine. U. Minnesota, Mechanical Engineering. U. Washington, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, LIPhy, CNRS - Universit\'e Grenoble Alpes, Washington State Univerity, United States Geological Survey, NCAR, U. Colorado, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, KTH Mechanics, Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, Gothenburg University, University of Aix-Marseille, Centre for Energy Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Australia, School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Australia, New York University, Arizona State Univeristy, Arizona State University, Univ of Cambridge, University of Rostock, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Pennsylvania State University, Center for Compressible Multiphase Turbulence - Univ. of Florida, Sapienza University of Rome, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, BluSource Energy, Inc, Massachusetts Maritime Academy, Volpe - The National Transportation Authority, Wellesly College, Department of Mechanical Engineering. University of Washington, Applied Physics Lab. University of Washington, Texas A&M University, Clark Univ, Osaka Prefecture Univ, Technion, Israel Institue of Technology, DAMTP - University of Cambridge, Purdue University, LadHyX, Ecole Polytechnique - PMMH, ESPCI, King Abdullah Univ of Sci & Tech (KAUST), Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, CNRS-Laboratoire MSC, Tohoku Univ, Nagoya Univ, University of Texas at Dallas, University of Michigan, Johns Hopkins University, University of Cambridge, University of Texas, LEGI, Universite Grenoble Alpes & CNRS, Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics, Novosibirsk, Russia, Kansai Univ, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Univ of Wisconsin, Madison, Department of Mechanical and System Design Engineering, Hongik University, UNC Chapel Hill, Singapore University of Technology and Design, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, Peking University, Beijing, China, Univ of Delaware, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Pohang Univ of Sci & Tech, School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Dept. Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, Laboratory for Aero and Hydrodynamics, Delft University of Technology, Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, University College Dublin, Sulzer Chemtech Ltd, The University of Edinburgh, PUC-Rio, Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, MAE Department, UC San Diego, La Jolla 92093 CA, Hospital Gregorio Maranon, Madrid 28040, Spain, Hospital Gregorio Maranon, Madrid, UC San Diego, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Physical Oceanography Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, BP Institute, University of Cambridge, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, Seoul Natl Univ, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195- 2600, USA, Univ of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Notre Dame, United States Military Academy, Picatinny Arsenal, University of Ottawa, Caltech, EDF-ENPC, Georgia Institute of Technology, Mechanical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, The George Washington University, Tulane University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Payame Noor University, 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran, Institute of Theoretical Geophysics, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, UK, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Israel, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, USA, Technical University of Hamburg, None, Sogang Univ, ESIME Zacatenco Instituto Politécnico Nacional SEPI, Tokyo Univ of Agri & Tech, Georgia Inst of Tech, Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7190, France, Kansai Univ., Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Univ of Southern California, Univ Lyon, Universit\'e Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumi\'ere Mati\'ere, F-69622, VIilleurbanne, France, University of California, Santa Barbara, Kansai University, Hitachi Solutions, Ltd., Insitut des Science de la Terre, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Auburn University, Biofluid Simulation and Modeling, Universit\"at Bayreuth, Universit\"atsstra\ss e 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Wilberforce Rd, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, University of Missouri FLuid Mixing and Shock Tube Laboratory, Doctor, Professor, Stanford Univ, Albert Einstein Medical Center, University of Birmingham, University of Illinois, Durham University, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Tianjin University, China, School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 38541 Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea, RMIT University, Melbourne, Utrecht University, Paris Diderot University, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Physics and SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Michigan State Univ, SMU, TU Darmstadt, Universita' di Roma La Sapienza, The University of Texas at Dallas, TSI Inc, shanghai jiao tong university, Duke University, Duke University; Université de Montpellier, Univ of Birmingham, Oregon State University, Gas Technology Institute, Louisiana State University, LOMC, CORIA, Biofluid Simulation and Modeling, Universit\"at Bayreuth, Universit\"atsstra\sse 30, 95440, Germany, University of South Carolina, Missouri Univ of Sci & Tech, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, Boston University, University of Canterbury, Univ of Birmingam, Univ of Illinois, Durham Univ, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India, Institute for Plasma Research, India, Longshine Technology Com. Ltd., University of Exeter, DSTL, Trinity College, Oxford University, University of Chicago, The Fluid Dynamics of Disease Transmission Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia, Northern Health, Australia, Univ of Melbourne, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Naval Research Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, University of Tokyo, Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China, Virginia Tech, Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The Open University, Department of Mechanics, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden, Micro and Nanosystems, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nagaoka university of Technology, University of Washington, California Institute of Technology, KAIST, MIT, NUWC, HLS Research, Washington State Univ, The University of Tokyo, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, University of Texas at Austin, ENS Lyon, Department of Mathematics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Cornell University, KU Leuven, Israel Institute of Technology, University of Toronto, University of California, Berkeley, Institut Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, UPMC, Clarkson University, University of Stuttgart, University of Southern Denmark, University of Maine, Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Linn\'e FLOW Centre, KTH Mechanics, The University of Auckland, The University of Manchester, Institute of Computational Mathematics and Scientific/Engineering Computing, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University Of California San Diego, U. S. Army ARDEC, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, Institute for Energy Technology, University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez, Monash University, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Koeln, Germany, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Goettingen, Germany, Bundeswehr University Munich, Germany, Laboratoire de Mecanique de Lille, France, Monash University and University of Minnesota, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Innolas GmbH, Germany, University of Bologna, Monash University, Ecole Centrale de Lille, University of Bologna, Italy, Ecole Centrale de Lille, France, Monash University, Australia, San Diego State University, Department of Physics, Duke University., Institute for Computational Design, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany, Laboratoire de M\'{e}canique et G\'{e}nie Civil, Universit\'{e} de Montpellier, Montpellier, France, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R.C., Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Novosibirsk State University, Russia, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai University, Univ of South Florida, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. 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Physics University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, CASL, University College Dublin, University of Arizona, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Arizona, New Mexico State University, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, The University of Texas at Austin, Air Force Research Laboratory, Spectral Energies LLC, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Santa Clara University, Nanyang Technological University, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, University of Alberta, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, DOI Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, OHMSETT Mar Inc, Physics of Fluids Group, University of Twente, The Netherlands., IFE, Department of Process and Fluid Flow Technology, Norway, Ecole Normale Superieure, Ochanomizu University, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Aerospaziale, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Ecole polytechnique f\'ed\'erale de Lausanne, University of Western Australia, University of Utah, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Delft University of Technology, University of Twente, Institute for Energy Technology, Kjeller Norway, Nanjing University, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA, Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, McMaster Univ, Mississippi State University, St Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, University of Warwick, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Physics Department, Technical University of Denmark, Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Universit\'e libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Nonlinear Physical Chemistry Unit, 1050 Brussels, Belgium, Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Department of Chemical Engineering,Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanics, \'Ecole Polytechnique, Toyo University, School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Institute of Thermophysics, Russia, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty, The Technion, Israel, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organisation, IFP Energies nouvelles, Queens Univ, Institut f\"{u}r Str\"{o}mungsmechanik und W\"{a}rme\"{u}bertragung, TU Wien, Dipartimento Politecnico di Ingegneria e Architettura, Universit\`{a} degli Studi di Udine, Complex Fluids Group, Princeton University, Advanced Photonics Research Institute (APRI), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Beamline Division, Pohang Light Source, Univ of Maryland-College Park, Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory, Bundeswehr University Munich, Technical University Darmsdatd, SNU, Tokyo University of Science, University of Edinburgh, EPFL, West Chester University, RWTH Aachen University, Texas A\&M University, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, The University of Maryland, University of Hong Kong, Universite Grenoble Alpes, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Geisinger Health System, University of Wisconsin - 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Minnesota, U. Washington, Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Clemson University, Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, Colorado State University, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Univ of California - Santa Barbara, MET Office, Oklahoma State University, US Navel Academy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, TEI of Athens, Univ of Minnesota - Twin Cities, NTNU, Trondheim, NMBU, Ås

  • Aloke Kumar

    Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G8, University of Alberta, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Univ of Alberta