Phase transition to sustained turbulence in pipe flow

Mukund Vasudevan; Jiansheng Xiang; Jiansheng Xiang

Phase transition to sustained turbulence in pipe flow

ORAL

Abstract

Turbulence in pipe flow can first arise at Reynolds numbers somewhat below 2000. Here turbulent structures (``puffs'') are localized and have a finite lifetime. Turbulence can also proliferate through puff splitting and it has recently been proposed that turbulence overall becomes sustained when this spreading process outweighs the decay of individual structures. In the present study we measure the decay rate of turbulent puffs in two different set ups: In the first the pressure difference across the experiment is held fixed. In the second the flow is driven a piston system that enforces a constant flow rate. Measurements in both set ups are in excellent qualitative agreement and confirm that individual turbulent puffs are intrinsically transient and decay following a memoryless process. Exploiting the memoryless nature a pipe with quasi periodic boundary conditions is constructed allowing indefinitely long observation times of puff sequences. This method for the first time allows to directly measure the asymptotic evolution of the turbulent flow and to determine the equilibrium turbulent fraction close to the critical point.

Nov. 19, 2012, 2:48 PM – Nov. 19, 2012, 3:01 PM

Authors

Mukund Vasudevan

Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization
Jiansheng Xiang

University of Colorado at Boulder, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, IL 60439, USA, Department of Physics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Portland State University, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), California Institute of Technology, Stanford University, Norwegian Defense Research Establishment, Portland State University, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, TU Delft, TU Delft/MARIN, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Bundeswehr University Munich, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Cascade Technologies Inc, Center for Turbulence Research, Stanford University, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Princeton University, University of Illinois, Rochester Institute of Technology, Texas A\&M University at Qatar, School of Engineering, University of Vermont, VT, Aerospace \& Mechanical Engineering Dept, University of Liege, Belgium, Mechanical Engineering Dept, Monash University, Australia, OIST, University of Pittsburgh, Aerospace \& Mechanical Dept, University of Liege, Belgium, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Gottingen, Germany, Saarland University, Saarbrucken, Germany, School of Physics \& Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, UK, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Saarland University, School of Physics \& Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, School of Engineering, University of Vermont, National University of Singapore, Institute of High Performance Computing, Singapore, None, Brown University, University of California, Los Angeles, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Seoul National University, AFRL/RBAC, Wright Patterson AFB OH 45435, University of Maryland, College Park, Northwestern University, Linne FLOW Centre, Stockholm, SWEDEN, University of Wisconsin, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Bio-Inspired Materials and Devices Laboratory (BMDL), Centre for Energy Harvesting Materials and Systems (CEHMS), Virginia Tech, VA - 24060, Mechanical Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing, LNM, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, National Cheng Kung University, Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, University of Toronto, McGill University, Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Seattle University, PPPL, Eckerd College, Ecole Normale Superieure, Aix-Marseille Universite, Nagoya University, Shizuoka University, Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyoto University, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, PMMH-ESPCI, France, Ladhyx, France, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, UNC, UCSB, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Temple University, Physics of Fluids Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands, The University of Tokyo, University of Tabriz, USACH, Santiago, Chile / LAUM, Universit\'e du Maine, France, DF, FCEN, UBA \& IFIBA, CONICET, Argentine / PMMH, UMR 7636, ESPCI, France, University at Buffalo SUNY, MIT, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Mati\`ere et Syst\`emes Complexes, Universit\'e Paris Diderot, CNRS - UMR 7057, MIT, Institut Langevin, ESPCI ParisTech and Universit\'e Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR 7587, TU Ilmenau, Germany, TU Dresden, Germany, University of Texas at Austin, University of Texas Austin, DAMTP, University of Cambridge \& \'Ecole Polytechnique, France, Duke University, University of Minnesota, Physics of Fluids, University of Twente, Laboratoire de Physique - ENS de Lyon, CINVESTAV-Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, GRASP, Physics Department, University of Li\`ege, Belgium, Physics of Fluids Group, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang Univ., Korea, High-Temperature Gasdynamics Laboratory, Stanford University, Concordia University, SUNY at Buffalo, University of Bologna, Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Johns Hopkins University, Indian Institute of Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Reykjavik University, Eindhoven University of Technology, U. Wisconsin-Madison, Trinity College, CT, UCLA, New York University, Dept. Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Univ. California Davis, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands, Lyman Laboratory of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA, The Neils Bohr Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark, Dept. de Fisica i Eng. Nuclear, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya Edif. GAIA, Spain, Department of Physics, University of Tor Vergata, Italy, University of Oxford, Heinrich Heine Universitat Duesseldorf, DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt Berlin, CNRS, Universite Paris-Sud 11, NYU, Brandeis University, USA, Mathematics Department,University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill, Mathematics Department, Duke University, Physics Department, Duke University, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Departamento de Fisica, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA, University of Texas A\&M, TX, USA, Stellingverf Consulting, Huntsville, AL, USA, University of Alabama, Huntsville, AL, USA, University of Alabama, Huntsville, USA, Srellingverf Consulting, Huntsville, AL, USA, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Singapore-MIT Alliance, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Dep. of Aerospace Engineering, University of Pisa, Italy, Dep. of Chemical Engineering, University of Pisa, Italy, Physics Department, Emory University, University of Twente, University of New Hampshire, University of Vermont, Southern Methodist University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Delft University of Technology, Member, Aix-Marseille University (France), BP Institute, U. of Cambridge, BP Institute \& DAMTP, U. of Cambridge, Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e Metodi Matematici, Universita' di Bergamo, Viale Marconi 5, 24044 Dalmine (BG), Italy, Dipartmento di Matematica e Applicazioni, Universita' di Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi, 53 - 20125 Milano, Italy, Carolina Center for Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Physics Dept., Emory University, IoP-AS, Nat'l Taiwan Normal University, Surface du Verre et Interfaces, UMR 125 CNRS/Saint-Gobain, 39 quai Lucien Lefranc, 93300 Aubervilliers, University of Notre Dame, ION Geophysical, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, French Air Force Acadamey, Bucknell University, University of Washington, RWTH Aachen University, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, School of Mathematics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4AG, UK, Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK, Tech-X Corporation, University of Florida, Texas Tech University, Department of Engineering Mechanics and Energy, University of Tsukuba, University of South Carolina, Penn State Applied Research Laboratory, Tohoku University, INRIA Paris-Rocquencourt, France, Dept. of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA, Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Eng., University of California, San Diego, USA, Dept. Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Univ. California Davis, Missouri University of Science \& Technology, Rolla, MO, Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A7, Canada, LIPhy, CNRS-UJF Grenoble, Georgia Institute of Technology, Texas A\&M University, Tehran Heart Center, Sharif University of Technology, University of Michigan, PMMH / Ladhyx, University of Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, IMEC, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels All\'e, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, CSE, Nagoya University, Concepts NREC, Brigham Young University, ConceptsNREC, University of Granada, University of Alberta, Eindhoven university of technology, IRPHE, CNRS and Aix-Marseille University, France, Perm State University, Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Wind Resource Center, Texas Tech University, University of Calgary, University of Calgary, Technische Universitaet Berlin, NJIT, Georgia Tech, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control, Department of Mechanics, Zhejiang University, KTH Stockholm, Technische Universiteit Delft, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, University of Washington, Seattle, Polytech Marseille, France, Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Department of Physics, Lehigh University, Wageningen University and Wetsus, Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Department of Chemical Engineering, \'Ecole Polytechnique de Montr\'eal, Canada, Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University Japan, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Cambridge University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, National Taiwan University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yamanashi University, University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, University of Nevada, Reno, Drexel University, Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\~n\'on, Madrid, Spain, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado Denver, University of Colorado Boulder, Georgia Institute of Technology \& Emory, Dept of Cardiology, Hospital Gregorio Maranon, Madrid, Spain, Cardiology Dept, Hospital Gregorio Maranon, Madrid, Spain, MAE Dept UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, University of St Andrews, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, The University of Electro-communications, University of California - Berkeley, New Mexico Tech, Physics of Fluids, University of Twente, The Netherlands, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, USA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rome `Tor Vergata', Italy, Department of Physics and Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands, Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Italy, Div. Mechanical Engineering, School of Science \& Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder, CO 80309, Kyoto University, Boston University, Institute for Numerical Simulation, University of Bonn, Boston Dynamics, Lab. 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LYON 1, Arizona State University, Technical University of Darmstadt, University of Zagreb, BP Institute \& DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Tel-Aviv University, University of California, Berkeley, University of Colorado, Boulder, Old Dominion University, University of South Florida, Lake Superior State University, NASA, Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA, Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA, Department of Physics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China, University of Warwick UK, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, TU Darmstadt, Defence Research and Development Canada, US Air Force Academy, USAF Academy, CO, LadHyX, PMMH, ESPCI, Universidad de Chile, Universidad Santiago de Chile, Imperial College London, KTH, Stockholm, University of Melbourne, U. Limerick, Imperial College, Harvard University, Physique et Mecanique des Milieux Heterogenes, CNRS, ESPCI, Paris France - Ladhyx, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France, NC State University, Korea Polytechnic University, University of California at San Diego, ENSEEIHT, France, Kaiser Permanente, University of Virginia, RPI, Auburn University, ONERA, Clemson University, Universite de Toulouse, ISAE, DAEP, Lehigh University, Dep. 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Box 3000, Boulder, Colorado 80307-3000, USA, The University of Arizona, Rutgers University, Syracuse, Spectral Energies LLC, Ilmenau University of Technology, Germany, Northeastern University, China, JAXA, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Kyushu University, Math Dept. UC Davis, Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, PMMH UMR7636 CNRS, ESPCI ParisTech, UPMC (Paris 6), U. Paris Diderot (Paris 7), Dept of Cardiology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, Dept. of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, Dept of Cardiology, Gregorio Maranon Hospital, Madrid, Spain, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, UCSD, University of Washington Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Physics Department, International Laser Center, M. V. 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Lomonosov Moscow State University, Center of Photochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Cornell University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, NIST, FEI Co., Nagoya Institute of Technology, California Institute of Technology, MC 128-95, Pasadena, CA 91125, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Thessaly, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, University of Kentucky, Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA, Department of Mechanical Engineering \& Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, POSTECH, KAERI (The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute), Department of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH, Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, POSTECH, Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, University of North Carolina, Physics Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Marine Geosciences Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Code 7434, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529, USA, Laboratoire Navier (Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, IFSTTAR, CNRS UMR8205), Laboratoire de Physique de la Matiere Condensee et Nanostructures, Flow Control Lab, UC San Diego, University of California, Irvine, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Yale University, Air Force Research Laboratory, Groupe Supersonique, IUSTI, UMR CNRS 6595 and Aix-Marseille Univ., Marseille, France, Naval Air Systems Command, Patuxent River, MD, GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY, Cascade Technologies, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, IRPHE - Aix-Marseille univ. - CNRS, University of Udine, University of Brescia, Peking University, China, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), University of Maryland, University of New Hampshire, University of Melbourne, University of Montenegro, Nonlinear Physical Chemistry Unit, Universite Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium, PUC-Rio (Brazil), MSC, UMR 7057 CNRS, Universite Paris Diderot, PPMD-SIMM, UMR 7615 CNRS, UPMC, ESPCIParisTech, University of California, Irvine (Mathematics, Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Material Science), University of Louisville (Bioengineering), University of California, Irvine (Mathematics), University of New Mexico (Pathology, Chemical Engineering), University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Tohoku University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Dept. of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Childrens Hospital, OH, USA, University of Tehran, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Argonne National Laboratory, IRPHE, CNRS and Aix-Marseille University, LANL, Princeton/GFDL, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands, ENSTA-ParisTech, School of Engineering, Brown University, Innventia AB, Box 5604, SE-11486 Stockholm, Sweden, Fibre and Polymer Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden, Linne FLOW Centre, KTH Mechanics, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia, Washington State University, Johns Hopkins University and Peking University, DYNAFLOW, INC, Center for Energy Research - UNAM, School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China, Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Muenster, MPIDS Goettingen Germany, LSGC CNRS Nancy, France, \'Ecole Polytechnique F\'ed\'erale de Lausanne (EPFL), Oregon State University, The City College of The City University of New York, University of Illinois at Chicago, Kansas State University, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Inst. of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Dept. of Mechincal Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Physics, Nat'l Taiwan University, Dept. of Physics, Nat'l Taiwan Normal University, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Science, Kyoto University, Poznan University of Technology, Institut PPRIME, CNRS -- Universite de Poitiers, Institut P', Aichi Institute of Technology, University College London, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, U. S. Army ARDEC, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, Mcgill University, Allergan, Inc, University of Delaware, The Ohio State University, George Mason University, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kyoto University, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK, University of Tohoku, Department of Biomedical engineering, University of Tohoku, Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Saint Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, NASA Langley Research Center, ICMAT (CSIC-UAM-UC3M-UCM), University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus, Caribbean Coastal Ocean Observing System, Singapore MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, University of Rhode Island, St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Institute of Thermophysics, Novosibirsk (Russia), Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, University of Central Florida, Iowa State University, Stevens Institute of Technology, CTR, Stanford University, George Washington University, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Robert Bosch GmbH, Cascade Technologies, Robert Bosch LLC, LEGI, EXETER, LMFA, Air Force Research Lab, Syracuse University
Jiansheng Xiang

University of Colorado at Boulder, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, IL 60439, USA, Department of Physics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Portland State University, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), California Institute of Technology, Stanford University, Norwegian Defense Research Establishment, Portland State University, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, TU Delft, TU Delft/MARIN, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Bundeswehr University Munich, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Cascade Technologies Inc, Center for Turbulence Research, Stanford University, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Princeton University, University of Illinois, Rochester Institute of Technology, Texas A\&M University at Qatar, School of Engineering, University of Vermont, VT, Aerospace \& Mechanical Engineering Dept, University of Liege, Belgium, Mechanical Engineering Dept, Monash University, Australia, OIST, University of Pittsburgh, Aerospace \& Mechanical Dept, University of Liege, Belgium, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Gottingen, Germany, Saarland University, Saarbrucken, Germany, School of Physics \& Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, UK, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Saarland University, School of Physics \& Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, School of Engineering, University of Vermont, National University of Singapore, Institute of High Performance Computing, Singapore, None, Brown University, University of California, Los Angeles, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Seoul National University, AFRL/RBAC, Wright Patterson AFB OH 45435, University of Maryland, College Park, Northwestern University, Linne FLOW Centre, Stockholm, SWEDEN, University of Wisconsin, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Bio-Inspired Materials and Devices Laboratory (BMDL), Centre for Energy Harvesting Materials and Systems (CEHMS), Virginia Tech, VA - 24060, Mechanical Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing, LNM, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, National Cheng Kung University, Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, University of Toronto, McGill University, Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Seattle University, PPPL, Eckerd College, Ecole Normale Superieure, Aix-Marseille Universite, Nagoya University, Shizuoka University, Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyoto University, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, PMMH-ESPCI, France, Ladhyx, France, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, UNC, UCSB, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Temple University, Physics of Fluids Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands, The University of Tokyo, University of Tabriz, USACH, Santiago, Chile / LAUM, Universit\'e du Maine, France, DF, FCEN, UBA \& IFIBA, CONICET, Argentine / PMMH, UMR 7636, ESPCI, France, University at Buffalo SUNY, MIT, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Mati\`ere et Syst\`emes Complexes, Universit\'e Paris Diderot, CNRS - UMR 7057, MIT, Institut Langevin, ESPCI ParisTech and Universit\'e Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR 7587, TU Ilmenau, Germany, TU Dresden, Germany, University of Texas at Austin, University of Texas Austin, DAMTP, University of Cambridge \& \'Ecole Polytechnique, France, Duke University, University of Minnesota, Physics of Fluids, University of Twente, Laboratoire de Physique - ENS de Lyon, CINVESTAV-Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, GRASP, Physics Department, University of Li\`ege, Belgium, Physics of Fluids Group, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang Univ., Korea, High-Temperature Gasdynamics Laboratory, Stanford University, Concordia University, SUNY at Buffalo, University of Bologna, Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Johns Hopkins University, Indian Institute of Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Reykjavik University, Eindhoven University of Technology, U. Wisconsin-Madison, Trinity College, CT, UCLA, New York University, Dept. Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Univ. California Davis, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands, Lyman Laboratory of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA, The Neils Bohr Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark, Dept. de Fisica i Eng. Nuclear, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya Edif. GAIA, Spain, Department of Physics, University of Tor Vergata, Italy, University of Oxford, Heinrich Heine Universitat Duesseldorf, DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt Berlin, CNRS, Universite Paris-Sud 11, NYU, Brandeis University, USA, Mathematics Department,University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill, Mathematics Department, Duke University, Physics Department, Duke University, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Departamento de Fisica, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA, University of Texas A\&M, TX, USA, Stellingverf Consulting, Huntsville, AL, USA, University of Alabama, Huntsville, AL, USA, University of Alabama, Huntsville, USA, Srellingverf Consulting, Huntsville, AL, USA, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Singapore-MIT Alliance, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Dep. of Aerospace Engineering, University of Pisa, Italy, Dep. of Chemical Engineering, University of Pisa, Italy, Physics Department, Emory University, University of Twente, University of New Hampshire, University of Vermont, Southern Methodist University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Delft University of Technology, Member, Aix-Marseille University (France), BP Institute, U. of Cambridge, BP Institute \& DAMTP, U. of Cambridge, Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e Metodi Matematici, Universita' di Bergamo, Viale Marconi 5, 24044 Dalmine (BG), Italy, Dipartmento di Matematica e Applicazioni, Universita' di Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi, 53 - 20125 Milano, Italy, Carolina Center for Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Physics Dept., Emory University, IoP-AS, Nat'l Taiwan Normal University, Surface du Verre et Interfaces, UMR 125 CNRS/Saint-Gobain, 39 quai Lucien Lefranc, 93300 Aubervilliers, University of Notre Dame, ION Geophysical, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, French Air Force Acadamey, Bucknell University, University of Washington, RWTH Aachen University, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, School of Mathematics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4AG, UK, Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK, Tech-X Corporation, University of Florida, Texas Tech University, Department of Engineering Mechanics and Energy, University of Tsukuba, University of South Carolina, Penn State Applied Research Laboratory, Tohoku University, INRIA Paris-Rocquencourt, France, Dept. of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA, Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Eng., University of California, San Diego, USA, Dept. Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Univ. California Davis, Missouri University of Science \& Technology, Rolla, MO, Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A7, Canada, LIPhy, CNRS-UJF Grenoble, Georgia Institute of Technology, Texas A\&M University, Tehran Heart Center, Sharif University of Technology, University of Michigan, PMMH / Ladhyx, University of Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, IMEC, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels All\'e, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, CSE, Nagoya University, Concepts NREC, Brigham Young University, ConceptsNREC, University of Granada, University of Alberta, Eindhoven university of technology, IRPHE, CNRS and Aix-Marseille University, France, Perm State University, Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Wind Resource Center, Texas Tech University, University of Calgary, University of Calgary, Technische Universitaet Berlin, NJIT, Georgia Tech, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control, Department of Mechanics, Zhejiang University, KTH Stockholm, Technische Universiteit Delft, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, University of Washington, Seattle, Polytech Marseille, France, Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Department of Physics, Lehigh University, Wageningen University and Wetsus, Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Department of Chemical Engineering, \'Ecole Polytechnique de Montr\'eal, Canada, Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University Japan, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Cambridge University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, National Taiwan University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yamanashi University, University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, University of Nevada, Reno, Drexel University, Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\~n\'on, Madrid, Spain, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado Denver, University of Colorado Boulder, Georgia Institute of Technology \& Emory, Dept of Cardiology, Hospital Gregorio Maranon, Madrid, Spain, Cardiology Dept, Hospital Gregorio Maranon, Madrid, Spain, MAE Dept UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, University of St Andrews, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, The University of Electro-communications, University of California - Berkeley, New Mexico Tech, Physics of Fluids, University of Twente, The Netherlands, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, USA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rome `Tor Vergata', Italy, Department of Physics and Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands, Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Italy, Div. Mechanical Engineering, School of Science \& Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder, CO 80309, Kyoto University, Boston University, Institute for Numerical Simulation, University of Bonn, Boston Dynamics, Lab. PPMD - ESPCI, Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Advanced Measurement Science, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA, Technical University of Denmark, Lund University, Stony Brook University, Montclair State University, New Jersey, Virginia Tech, University of Twente and Johns Hopkins University, Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands, Catalytic Processes and Materials Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands, LPMCN UCBL UNIV. LYON 1, Arizona State University, Technical University of Darmstadt, University of Zagreb, BP Institute \& DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Tel-Aviv University, University of California, Berkeley, University of Colorado, Boulder, Old Dominion University, University of South Florida, Lake Superior State University, NASA, Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA, Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA, Department of Physics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China, University of Warwick UK, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, TU Darmstadt, Defence Research and Development Canada, US Air Force Academy, USAF Academy, CO, LadHyX, PMMH, ESPCI, Universidad de Chile, Universidad Santiago de Chile, Imperial College London, KTH, Stockholm, University of Melbourne, U. 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Box 3000, Boulder, Colorado 80307-3000, USA, The University of Arizona, Rutgers University, Syracuse, Spectral Energies LLC, Ilmenau University of Technology, Germany, Northeastern University, China, JAXA, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Kyushu University, Math Dept. UC Davis, Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, PMMH UMR7636 CNRS, ESPCI ParisTech, UPMC (Paris 6), U. Paris Diderot (Paris 7), Dept of Cardiology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, Dept. of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, Dept of Cardiology, Gregorio Maranon Hospital, Madrid, Spain, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, UCSD, University of Washington Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Physics Department, International Laser Center, M. V. 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