Lava flow dynamics driven by temperature-dependent viscosity variations

Serina Diniega; Jerem\&#039;ias Garay; Jerem\&#039;ias Garay; Jerem\&#039;ias Garay

Lava flow dynamics driven by temperature-dependent viscosity variations

ORAL

Abstract

As lava viscosity can change 1-2 orders of magnitude due to small changes in temperature, several studies have predicted the formation of low-viscosity/high-speed ``fingers'' (similar to a Saffman-Taylor type instability). Through the use of numerical simulation and steady-state analysis of model equations, we identify solutions that provide pahoehoe lava flows with a natural mechanism for the formation of channels within a sheet flow. We assume Hele-shaw-type geometry, Newtonian/laminar fluid flow, a Nahme's exponential law relating temperature and viscosity, and radiative heat-loss. Preliminary results indicate that flow-focusing occurs rapidly, but that the system settles into a new steady-state and does not create perpetually-lengthening hot-fingers. This suggests that additional physical processes are needed for the continued growth of preferred flow zones. This work has application to both Earth and planetary volcanology studies as the emplacement mechanics that yield long lava flows are not yet well understood.

Nov. 21, 2011, 12:14 PM – Nov. 21, 2011, 12:27 PM

Authors

Serina Diniega

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
Jerem\'ias Garay

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Brown University, University of Nevada, Reno, Nanyang Technological University, Harvard University, Grove City College, LOF, CNRS UMR 5258, univ. Bordeaux 1, Rhodia, Yale University, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Newport, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, University of Trieste, University of Roma, University of Cagliari, North Carolina State University, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Princeton University, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, DTRA, Georgia Tech, New York Univ, Institut D'Alembert, Paris, France, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955- 6900, Saudi Arabia, MIT, Princeton University, National Technical University of Athens, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, University of Minnesota, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd MC 128-95, Pasadena, CA, Tohoku University, Texas A\&M University, LLNL, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands, Universite Catholique de Louvain, University of Alabama, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University of Nijmegen, PO Box 9010/51. 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands, New Jersey Institute of Technology, LadHyX, Ecole Polytechnique, Physics of Complex Fluids Group, University of Twente, Dynamics of Complex Fluids, Max-Planck-Institute, Gottingen, University of Cambridge, University of Leeds, Department of Mathematics, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TW, United Kingdom, Laboratoire Mati\`ere et Syst\`emes Complexes UMR CNRS 7057, Batiment Condorcet, 10 rue Alice Domont et L'eonie Duquet 75205 Paris cedex 13, France, Departamento de F\'isica, Universidad de Extremadura, Spain, French Air Force Academy, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Washington State University, Brigham \& Women's Hospital, Carnegie Mellon University, Kansai University, Clemson University, Texas Tech HSC, Texas Tech University, Texas Tech Univeristy, Montclair State University, Montclair NJ, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Spectral Energies, LLC, Syracuse University, Syraucse University, California Institute of Technology, BGU, UWO, KTH, Stockholm, NASA Glenn Research Center, Stanford U., Tokyo Institute of Technology, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Zanjan, Iran, Eindhoven University of Technology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, University of Tokyo, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, GE Global Research, Boston Applied Technologies Inc., U. of Texas at Austin, University of Texas at Austin, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Saarland University, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self Organization, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, Ohio State University, Air Force Research Laboratory, INSP, Univ. Paris 6 / LPMDI, Univ. Paris Est, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, UCLA, University of Washington, West Virginia University, Center for Turbulence Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Department of Geography, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Pathology, Chemical Engineering, Univ of New Mexico, Bioengineering, Univ of Louisville, Mathematics, Univ of California, Irvine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Argonne National Lab, Florida State University, University of Florida, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 128-95, Pasadena, CA, Brigham Young University, Sandia National Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, ETSI Aeronauticos, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Institut fur Technische Verbrennung, RWTH Aachen University, Johns Hopkins University, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Physics Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands, Hokkaido University, The Boeing Company, University of Notre Dame, Rolls-Royce LLC, SUNY at Buffalo, University of Pittsburgh, Monash University, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia, Stony Brook University, X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA, Department of Physics \& Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA, Bucknell University, University of Adelaide, University of Auckland, University of Manchester, NASA Langley Research Center, Iowa State University, Department of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran, Oregon State University, California State University Long Beach, Reykjavik University, Montclair State University, Montclair State University, Montclair NJ 07043, University of Louisville, Dept. of Mathematical Sciences, Center for Applied Mathematics and Statistics, New Jersey Inst. of Technology, Newark, NJ, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, IFAS, Universidad Nac. del Centro de la Prov. de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina, South Florida Natural Resources Center, Everglades National Park, JAXA, University College London, Lehigh University, Sichuan Universitry, China, Institute of Mechanics Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Mar\'ia, University of California - Davis, hepia, UMass Amherst, University of California, Los Angeles, Harvey Mudd College, University of Southern California, BP Institute, University of Cambridge, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Germany, Universit\'e de Toulouse, ISAE, DAEP, UC Santa Barbara, Proxemy Research, University of Northern Colorado, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, N.C. A\&T State University, Swinburne University of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A\&M University, Education City, Doha, Qatar, Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A\&M University, College Station TX, USA, Northwestern University, University of Toronto, Institute of Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics, Ilmenau University of Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Daipla Wintes, Shizuoka University, Cornell University, CTR, Stanford University, U. Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, National Center for Atmospheric Research, The George Washington University, Rutgers University, Depts. of Bioengineering and Medicine, University of California San Diego, Dept of Bioengineering, MAE Dept, Physics Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Physics, Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, USA, University of Connecticut Health Center, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Physics of Fluids Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, The Netherlands, Department of Physics, University of Marburg, Germany, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rome ``Tor Vergata,'' Italy, UCL - iMMC, Cenaero, Peking University, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan, The University of Alabama, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire sur l'Organisation Nanom\'etrique et Supramol\'eculaire, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India, University of Genoa, Italy, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Milan, Center of Smart Interfaces, TU Darmstadt, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, PPPL, UT Austin, Department of Mathematics, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand, Nagoya University, University of Iowa, Temple University, McGill University, \'Area de Mec\'anica de Fluidos, E. T. S. I., Universidad de Sevilla, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, UNC-CH, KAIST, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, University of Maryland, Stanford University, Yonsei University, IMWM, Poland, University of Delaware, Technical University of Denmark, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Tecnolog\'ia Aplicada en Exploraci\'on y Producci\'on Petrolera, Inc. Mexico, Imperial College, ESPCI, CNRS COMPASS UMI 3254, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Division of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Maranon, Madrid, Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, The Johns Hopkins University, The University of Toledo, University of Utah, BPI, University of Cambridge, BPI \& DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Physics of Fluids Group, University of Twente, U. Texas, Brownsville, Naval Research Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of California-Davis, University of Connecticut, University of Michigan, Pennsylvania State University, University of Tennessee, Stanford University; RWTH Aachen University, U. of Houston, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, University of South Carolina, GMP-FIUBA, Buenos-Aires (Argentina), Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton U., Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Ecole Polytechnique, Choice Research \& Technology, Vassar College, UC San Diego, New York Univ., University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez, Blair Academy, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of JAXA, Purdue University, Division of Mechanical and Space Engineering, Hokkaido University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, Texas A\&M University at Qatar, and Alexander Smits, Princeton University, St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Physics of Fluids, University of Twente, Mesoscale Chemical Systems, University of Twente, Center for Soft Matter Research, Department of Physics, New York University, 10003 NY, USA, IUSTI-CNRS UMR 6595, Polytech Marseille, Aix-Marseille Universite, 13453 Marseille, France, Dept. Mech. Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, University of Texas - Brownsville, The University of New Mexico, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai University, Mesoscopic Transport Phenomena Group, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, University of Cincinnati, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis, LMD--CNRS, Ecole Normale Superieure, Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Muenster, M2P2--CNRS \& CMI, Universite de Provence, Aix-Marseille Universite \& M2P2--CNRS Ecole Centrale de Marseille, School of Aeronautics, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Laboratoire de Mecanique de Lille, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Universitat Jaume I, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, NJIT, Rutgers, Departamento de F\'isica, Facultad de Ciencias F\'isicas y Matem\'aticas, Universidad de Chile
Jerem\'ias Garay

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Brown University, University of Nevada, Reno, Nanyang Technological University, Harvard University, Grove City College, LOF, CNRS UMR 5258, univ. Bordeaux 1, Rhodia, Yale University, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Newport, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, University of Trieste, University of Roma, University of Cagliari, North Carolina State University, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Princeton University, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, DTRA, Georgia Tech, New York Univ, Institut D'Alembert, Paris, France, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955- 6900, Saudi Arabia, MIT, Princeton University, National Technical University of Athens, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, University of Minnesota, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd MC 128-95, Pasadena, CA, Tohoku University, Texas A\&M University, LLNL, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands, Universite Catholique de Louvain, University of Alabama, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University of Nijmegen, PO Box 9010/51. 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands, New Jersey Institute of Technology, LadHyX, Ecole Polytechnique, Physics of Complex Fluids Group, University of Twente, Dynamics of Complex Fluids, Max-Planck-Institute, Gottingen, University of Cambridge, University of Leeds, Department of Mathematics, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TW, United Kingdom, Laboratoire Mati\`ere et Syst\`emes Complexes UMR CNRS 7057, Batiment Condorcet, 10 rue Alice Domont et L'eonie Duquet 75205 Paris cedex 13, France, Departamento de F\'isica, Universidad de Extremadura, Spain, French Air Force Academy, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Washington State University, Brigham \& Women's Hospital, Carnegie Mellon University, Kansai University, Clemson University, Texas Tech HSC, Texas Tech University, Texas Tech Univeristy, Montclair State University, Montclair NJ, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Spectral Energies, LLC, Syracuse University, Syraucse University, California Institute of Technology, BGU, UWO, KTH, Stockholm, NASA Glenn Research Center, Stanford U., Tokyo Institute of Technology, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Zanjan, Iran, Eindhoven University of Technology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, University of Tokyo, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, GE Global Research, Boston Applied Technologies Inc., U. of Texas at Austin, University of Texas at Austin, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Saarland University, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self Organization, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, Ohio State University, Air Force Research Laboratory, INSP, Univ. Paris 6 / LPMDI, Univ. Paris Est, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, UCLA, University of Washington, West Virginia University, Center for Turbulence Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Department of Geography, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Pathology, Chemical Engineering, Univ of New Mexico, Bioengineering, Univ of Louisville, Mathematics, Univ of California, Irvine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Argonne National Lab, Florida State University, University of Florida, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 128-95, Pasadena, CA, Brigham Young University, Sandia National Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, ETSI Aeronauticos, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Institut fur Technische Verbrennung, RWTH Aachen University, Johns Hopkins University, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Physics Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands, Hokkaido University, The Boeing Company, University of Notre Dame, Rolls-Royce LLC, SUNY at Buffalo, University of Pittsburgh, Monash University, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia, Stony Brook University, X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA, Department of Physics \& Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA, Bucknell University, University of Adelaide, University of Auckland, University of Manchester, NASA Langley Research Center, Iowa State University, Department of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran, Oregon State University, California State University Long Beach, Reykjavik University, Montclair State University, Montclair State University, Montclair NJ 07043, University of Louisville, Dept. of Mathematical Sciences, Center for Applied Mathematics and Statistics, New Jersey Inst. of Technology, Newark, NJ, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, IFAS, Universidad Nac. del Centro de la Prov. de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina, South Florida Natural Resources Center, Everglades National Park, JAXA, University College London, Lehigh University, Sichuan Universitry, China, Institute of Mechanics Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Mar\'ia, University of California - Davis, hepia, UMass Amherst, University of California, Los Angeles, Harvey Mudd College, University of Southern California, BP Institute, University of Cambridge, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Germany, Universit\'e de Toulouse, ISAE, DAEP, UC Santa Barbara, Proxemy Research, University of Northern Colorado, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, N.C. A\&T State University, Swinburne University of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A\&M University, Education City, Doha, Qatar, Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A\&M University, College Station TX, USA, Northwestern University, University of Toronto, Institute of Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics, Ilmenau University of Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Daipla Wintes, Shizuoka University, Cornell University, CTR, Stanford University, U. Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, National Center for Atmospheric Research, The George Washington University, Rutgers University, Depts. of Bioengineering and Medicine, University of California San Diego, Dept of Bioengineering, MAE Dept, Physics Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Physics, Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, USA, University of Connecticut Health Center, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Physics of Fluids Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, The Netherlands, Department of Physics, University of Marburg, Germany, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rome ``Tor Vergata,'' Italy, UCL - iMMC, Cenaero, Peking University, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan, The University of Alabama, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire sur l'Organisation Nanom\'etrique et Supramol\'eculaire, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India, University of Genoa, Italy, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Milan, Center of Smart Interfaces, TU Darmstadt, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, PPPL, UT Austin, Department of Mathematics, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand, Nagoya University, University of Iowa, Temple University, McGill University, \'Area de Mec\'anica de Fluidos, E. T. S. I., Universidad de Sevilla, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, UNC-CH, KAIST, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, University of Maryland, Stanford University, Yonsei University, IMWM, Poland, University of Delaware, Technical University of Denmark, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Tecnolog\'ia Aplicada en Exploraci\'on y Producci\'on Petrolera, Inc. Mexico, Imperial College, ESPCI, CNRS COMPASS UMI 3254, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Division of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Maranon, Madrid, Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, The Johns Hopkins University, The University of Toledo, University of Utah, BPI, University of Cambridge, BPI \& DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Physics of Fluids Group, University of Twente, U. Texas, Brownsville, Naval Research Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of California-Davis, University of Connecticut, University of Michigan, Pennsylvania State University, University of Tennessee, Stanford University; RWTH Aachen University, U. of Houston, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, University of South Carolina, GMP-FIUBA, Buenos-Aires (Argentina), Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton U., Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Ecole Polytechnique, Choice Research \& Technology, Vassar College, UC San Diego, New York Univ., University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez, Blair Academy, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of JAXA, Purdue University, Division of Mechanical and Space Engineering, Hokkaido University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, Texas A\&M University at Qatar, and Alexander Smits, Princeton University, St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Physics of Fluids, University of Twente, Mesoscale Chemical Systems, University of Twente, Center for Soft Matter Research, Department of Physics, New York University, 10003 NY, USA, IUSTI-CNRS UMR 6595, Polytech Marseille, Aix-Marseille Universite, 13453 Marseille, France, Dept. Mech. Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, University of Texas - Brownsville, The University of New Mexico, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai University, Mesoscopic Transport Phenomena Group, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, University of Cincinnati, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis, LMD--CNRS, Ecole Normale Superieure, Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Muenster, M2P2--CNRS \& CMI, Universite de Provence, Aix-Marseille Universite \& M2P2--CNRS Ecole Centrale de Marseille, School of Aeronautics, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Laboratoire de Mecanique de Lille, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Universitat Jaume I, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, NJIT, Rutgers, Departamento de F\'isica, Facultad de Ciencias F\'isicas y Matem\'aticas, Universidad de Chile
Jerem\'ias Garay

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Brown University, University of Nevada, Reno, Nanyang Technological University, Harvard University, Grove City College, LOF, CNRS UMR 5258, univ. Bordeaux 1, Rhodia, Yale University, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Newport, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, University of Trieste, University of Roma, University of Cagliari, North Carolina State University, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Princeton University, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, DTRA, Georgia Tech, New York Univ, Institut D'Alembert, Paris, France, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955- 6900, Saudi Arabia, MIT, Princeton University, National Technical University of Athens, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, University of Minnesota, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd MC 128-95, Pasadena, CA, Tohoku University, Texas A\&M University, LLNL, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands, Universite Catholique de Louvain, University of Alabama, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University of Nijmegen, PO Box 9010/51. 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands, New Jersey Institute of Technology, LadHyX, Ecole Polytechnique, Physics of Complex Fluids Group, University of Twente, Dynamics of Complex Fluids, Max-Planck-Institute, Gottingen, University of Cambridge, University of Leeds, Department of Mathematics, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TW, United Kingdom, Laboratoire Mati\`ere et Syst\`emes Complexes UMR CNRS 7057, Batiment Condorcet, 10 rue Alice Domont et L'eonie Duquet 75205 Paris cedex 13, France, Departamento de F\'isica, Universidad de Extremadura, Spain, French Air Force Academy, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Washington State University, Brigham \& Women's Hospital, Carnegie Mellon University, Kansai University, Clemson University, Texas Tech HSC, Texas Tech University, Texas Tech Univeristy, Montclair State University, Montclair NJ, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Spectral Energies, LLC, Syracuse University, Syraucse University, California Institute of Technology, BGU, UWO, KTH, Stockholm, NASA Glenn Research Center, Stanford U., Tokyo Institute of Technology, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Zanjan, Iran, Eindhoven University of Technology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, University of Tokyo, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, GE Global Research, Boston Applied Technologies Inc., U. of Texas at Austin, University of Texas at Austin, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Saarland University, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self Organization, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, Ohio State University, Air Force Research Laboratory, INSP, Univ. Paris 6 / LPMDI, Univ. Paris Est, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, UCLA, University of Washington, West Virginia University, Center for Turbulence Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Department of Geography, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Pathology, Chemical Engineering, Univ of New Mexico, Bioengineering, Univ of Louisville, Mathematics, Univ of California, Irvine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Argonne National Lab, Florida State University, University of Florida, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 128-95, Pasadena, CA, Brigham Young University, Sandia National Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, ETSI Aeronauticos, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Institut fur Technische Verbrennung, RWTH Aachen University, Johns Hopkins University, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Physics Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands, Hokkaido University, The Boeing Company, University of Notre Dame, Rolls-Royce LLC, SUNY at Buffalo, University of Pittsburgh, Monash University, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia, Stony Brook University, X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA, Department of Physics \& Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA, Bucknell University, University of Adelaide, University of Auckland, University of Manchester, NASA Langley Research Center, Iowa State University, Department of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran, Oregon State University, California State University Long Beach, Reykjavik University, Montclair State University, Montclair State University, Montclair NJ 07043, University of Louisville, Dept. of Mathematical Sciences, Center for Applied Mathematics and Statistics, New Jersey Inst. of Technology, Newark, NJ, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, IFAS, Universidad Nac. del Centro de la Prov. de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina, South Florida Natural Resources Center, Everglades National Park, JAXA, University College London, Lehigh University, Sichuan Universitry, China, Institute of Mechanics Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Mar\'ia, University of California - Davis, hepia, UMass Amherst, University of California, Los Angeles, Harvey Mudd College, University of Southern California, BP Institute, University of Cambridge, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Germany, Universit\'e de Toulouse, ISAE, DAEP, UC Santa Barbara, Proxemy Research, University of Northern Colorado, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, N.C. A\&T State University, Swinburne University of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A\&M University, Education City, Doha, Qatar, Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A\&M University, College Station TX, USA, Northwestern University, University of Toronto, Institute of Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics, Ilmenau University of Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Daipla Wintes, Shizuoka University, Cornell University, CTR, Stanford University, U. Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, National Center for Atmospheric Research, The George Washington University, Rutgers University, Depts. of Bioengineering and Medicine, University of California San Diego, Dept of Bioengineering, MAE Dept, Physics Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Physics, Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, USA, University of Connecticut Health Center, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Physics of Fluids Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, The Netherlands, Department of Physics, University of Marburg, Germany, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rome ``Tor Vergata,'' Italy, UCL - iMMC, Cenaero, Peking University, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan, The University of Alabama, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire sur l'Organisation Nanom\'etrique et Supramol\'eculaire, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India, University of Genoa, Italy, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Milan, Center of Smart Interfaces, TU Darmstadt, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, PPPL, UT Austin, Department of Mathematics, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand, Nagoya University, University of Iowa, Temple University, McGill University, \'Area de Mec\'anica de Fluidos, E. T. S. I., Universidad de Sevilla, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, UNC-CH, KAIST, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, University of Maryland, Stanford University, Yonsei University, IMWM, Poland, University of Delaware, Technical University of Denmark, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Tecnolog\'ia Aplicada en Exploraci\'on y Producci\'on Petrolera, Inc. Mexico, Imperial College, ESPCI, CNRS COMPASS UMI 3254, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Division of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Maranon, Madrid, Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, The Johns Hopkins University, The University of Toledo, University of Utah, BPI, University of Cambridge, BPI \& DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Physics of Fluids Group, University of Twente, U. Texas, Brownsville, Naval Research Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of California-Davis, University of Connecticut, University of Michigan, Pennsylvania State University, University of Tennessee, Stanford University; RWTH Aachen University, U. of Houston, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, University of South Carolina, GMP-FIUBA, Buenos-Aires (Argentina), Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton U., Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Ecole Polytechnique, Choice Research \& Technology, Vassar College, UC San Diego, New York Univ., University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez, Blair Academy, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of JAXA, Purdue University, Division of Mechanical and Space Engineering, Hokkaido University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, Texas A\&M University at Qatar, and Alexander Smits, Princeton University, St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Physics of Fluids, University of Twente, Mesoscale Chemical Systems, University of Twente, Center for Soft Matter Research, Department of Physics, New York University, 10003 NY, USA, IUSTI-CNRS UMR 6595, Polytech Marseille, Aix-Marseille Universite, 13453 Marseille, France, Dept. Mech. Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, University of Texas - Brownsville, The University of New Mexico, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai University, Mesoscopic Transport Phenomena Group, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, University of Cincinnati, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis, LMD--CNRS, Ecole Normale Superieure, Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Muenster, M2P2--CNRS \& CMI, Universite de Provence, Aix-Marseille Universite \& M2P2--CNRS Ecole Centrale de Marseille, School of Aeronautics, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Laboratoire de Mecanique de Lille, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Universitat Jaume I, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, NJIT, Rutgers, Departamento de F\'isica, Facultad de Ciencias F\'isicas y Matem\'aticas, Universidad de Chile