Absolute-convective instability of coaxial jets

ORAL

Abstract

A well established route for the massive microencapsulation of labile materials, microorganisms, pharmaceutical principles, flavors, or any active ingredients of any kind involves the generation and breakup of coaxial capillary jets. Here, surface tension is the ultimate molding mechanism, and therefore experience teaches that the product quality is optimized within operating condition ranges where Weber and Capillary numbers attain limited values. These ranges allow for a precise control of the product structure. However, surface tension also mandates whether compound capillary jets may form or not: Weber and Capillary numbers maps exhibit ``hard'' boundaries where jets become locally unstable (absolutely unstable) as opposed to convectively unstable, and the product shows dramatic changes in structure (generally a degradation) across these boundaries. In this work we perform a linear spatiotemporal analysis of coaxial capillary jets to provide cartographic maps of viable regions in the Weber and Capillary numbers space. A discussion on the connection of these maps with the morphology of the resulting products is also given, together with comparisons with published experimental literature.

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Authors

  • Conrado Ferrera

    ETSI, Universidad de Extremadura

  • Hiromichi Kobayashi

    Technische Universitaet Ilmenau, Germany, Universita' di Roma ``La Sapienza'', Italy, School of Engineering Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, Dept. of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Pennsylvania State University, LEGI / CNRS - Grenoble Universites, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Oklahoma State University, Cambridge University, New Jersey Institute of Technology, ESI, Universidad de Sevilla, ETSI, Universidad de Extremadura, University of Seville, Spain, Warsaw University of Technology, University of Kentucky, Universit\'e Libre de Bruxelles, University of Cyprus, Coventry University, KTH, Stockholm, U. Limerick, Eire, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cornell University, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, California Institute of Technology, University of Texas at Austin, Texas A and M University, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, DePaul University, STFI-Packforsk AB, KTH Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Rice Univeristy, MYDATA automation AB, Bromma, Sweden, Kungliga Tekniska H\"ogskolan, Stockholm, Sweden, JAMSTEC, Hokkaido Univ., University of Brussels (ULB), University College Cork, University College Dublin, United Technologies Research Center, University of Tokyo, Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, Johns Hopkins University, St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Dept. of Control and Dynamical Systems, Caltech, The University of Tokyo, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), MIT, University of Alabama, Universit\'e Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut d'Alembert, Paris, School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Purdue University, Tennessee Technological University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Stanford University, Fellow Research Scientist, Idaho National Laboratory, Research Scientist, Idaho National Laboratory, University of California - Irvine, Kuwait University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Keio University, CEMES-CNRS, Toulouse, University of Texas at Tyler, International Centre for Theoretical Physics and University of Maryland, University of Twente, The Netherlands, University of New Hampshire, University of Western Ontario, National Science Foundation., Institut NEEL, CNRS, University of California at Davis, University of Chicago, University of California, Los Angeles, MMN, UMR 7083, ESPCI-CNRS, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Wesleyan University, Duke University, Department of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique, France, UC Santa Barbara, Old Dominion University, BioPower Systems Pty Ltd, The University of Sydney, Brown University, LEA, POITIERS, France, IMFT, France, IMFT, The University of New Mexico, Los Alamos National Laboratory, United States Naval Academy, University of California-Davis, University College, London, UC San Diego, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Department of Mathematical Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Las Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, University of Colorado, Imperial College London, Hokkaido University, University of Cambridge, Physics of Fluids Group, University of Twente, the Netherlands, Rutgers University, TRI Princeton, Kimberley Clark, Asylum Research, University of Melbourne, University of California Santa Barbara, Universit\'e de Lyon, Polytechnic Institute of NYU, Michigan State University, LadHyX, Ecole Polytechnique, France, University of Dundee, UK, Laboratoire Dieudonne, Universite de Nice, France, University of Pennsylvania, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Physics Department and the James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, CRNS and Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Mathematics Dept, M.I.T., Nagoya Institute of Technology, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX, The Ohio State University, UIUC, Universit\'e Bordeaux, U. of Pittsburgh, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, U Sevilla, JHU PhD student, University of Washington, CNLD, UT Austin, Max Planck Institute Goettingen, Humboldt University, University of Chapingo, Clemson University, Clemson, SC - 29634, University of Maryland, University of Michigan, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, National Cheng Kung University, New Mexico State University, University of Portland, Okayama University, Osaka University, School of Natural Sciences, Univ. of California, Merced, School of Engineering, Univ. of California, Merced, The Univ. of Tokyo, Riken, West Chester University, Duke University, KU-Leuven, LadHyX, Ecole Polytechnique, LMD, Ecole Polytechnique, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, Republic of China, Chiba University, Tokyo University of Science, Suwa, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Department of Computational Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Ambientale, Universit\`a di Trieste, Italy, Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands, International Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Maryland at College Park, University of Rochester - Mechanical Engineering, University of Warwick, IC, TU/e, University of Massachusetts Amherst, National University of Singapore, Seikei University, Tokyo, Japan, U. of Iowa, UCSB, EURATOM / UKAEA, IRFM/CEA Cadarache, Aix-Marseille Universit\'e, Ecole Centrale Marseille, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Konkuk University, University of Manchester, UK, IRPHE, Aix-Marseille Universit\'e, Laboratoire Mati\`ere et Syst\`emes Complexes, UMR 7057 of CNRS and Paris Diderot University, Colorado State University, University of California - Santa Barbara, Universite de Provence - Ecole Polytechnique Universitaire de Marseille/CNRS, France, Universidad de Ja\'en, Division of Physics and Applied Physics, SPMS, NTU, Singapore, Sizuoka University, Kyushu University, CNM-IMB, Barcelona, Seattle University, LPS, ENS, Northwestern University, University Washington, Laboratoire MSC, PMMH-ESPCI, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Laboratoire dHydrodynamique (LadHyX), CNRS-Ecole Polytechnique, France, Leibniz Inst. for Tropospheric Research, U C San Diego, U. S. Army ARDEC, Harvard University, and Martin Maxey, Brown University, NEEL, CNRS, Florida State University, UCL, Louvain School of Engineering (EPL), University of Southern California, Auburn University, University of Cincinnati, Caltech, Professor, Dept of MINE, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH., Professor, Dept of AEEM, University of Cincinnati., Graduate Student, University of Cincinnati., Washington State University, Institut de Mecanique des Fluides de Toulouse - France, Insitute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, HGM, IRPHE, Marseille, France, Hospital Gregorio Maranon, Madrid, Spain (HGM), E. T. S. Ingenieros Aeronsuticos, UPM, Hokkaido Univeristy, Shizuka University, AIST, MACS Consulting, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, University of Illinois Urbana, University of Pittsburgh, McMaster University, Indian Institute of Science, Laboratory for Aero- and Hydrodynamics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Institute of Physics ASCR, Prague, NorthWest Research Associates, Princeton University, Niigata University, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Research Chair in Solar Energy and Thermal-fluid Sciences, The Abdus Salam ICTP, St. Anthony Falls Lab, University of Minnesota, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Morgantown, WV, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Penn State, LadHyX CNRS, M2P2 CNRS, Northrop Grumman Corporation, Washington State University, Tri-Cities, Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories, California Institute of Technology

  • Hiromichi Kobayashi

    Technische Universitaet Ilmenau, Germany, Universita' di Roma ``La Sapienza'', Italy, School of Engineering Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, Dept. of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Pennsylvania State University, LEGI / CNRS - Grenoble Universites, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Oklahoma State University, Cambridge University, New Jersey Institute of Technology, ESI, Universidad de Sevilla, ETSI, Universidad de Extremadura, University of Seville, Spain, Warsaw University of Technology, University of Kentucky, Universit\'e Libre de Bruxelles, University of Cyprus, Coventry University, KTH, Stockholm, U. Limerick, Eire, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cornell University, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, California Institute of Technology, University of Texas at Austin, Texas A and M University, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, DePaul University, STFI-Packforsk AB, KTH Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Rice Univeristy, MYDATA automation AB, Bromma, Sweden, Kungliga Tekniska H\"ogskolan, Stockholm, Sweden, JAMSTEC, Hokkaido Univ., University of Brussels (ULB), University College Cork, University College Dublin, United Technologies Research Center, University of Tokyo, Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, Johns Hopkins University, St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Dept. of Control and Dynamical Systems, Caltech, The University of Tokyo, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), MIT, University of Alabama, Universit\'e Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut d'Alembert, Paris, School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Purdue University, Tennessee Technological University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Stanford University, Fellow Research Scientist, Idaho National Laboratory, Research Scientist, Idaho National Laboratory, University of California - Irvine, Kuwait University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Keio University, CEMES-CNRS, Toulouse, University of Texas at Tyler, International Centre for Theoretical Physics and University of Maryland, University of Twente, The Netherlands, University of New Hampshire, University of Western Ontario, National Science Foundation., Institut NEEL, CNRS, University of California at Davis, University of Chicago, University of California, Los Angeles, MMN, UMR 7083, ESPCI-CNRS, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Wesleyan University, Duke University, Department of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique, France, UC Santa Barbara, Old Dominion University, BioPower Systems Pty Ltd, The University of Sydney, Brown University, LEA, POITIERS, France, IMFT, France, IMFT, The University of New Mexico, Los Alamos National Laboratory, United States Naval Academy, University of California-Davis, University College, London, UC San Diego, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Department of Mathematical Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Las Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, University of Colorado, Imperial College London, Hokkaido University, University of Cambridge, Physics of Fluids Group, University of Twente, the Netherlands, Rutgers University, TRI Princeton, Kimberley Clark, Asylum Research, University of Melbourne, University of California Santa Barbara, Universit\'e de Lyon, Polytechnic Institute of NYU, Michigan State University, LadHyX, Ecole Polytechnique, France, University of Dundee, UK, Laboratoire Dieudonne, Universite de Nice, France, University of Pennsylvania, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Physics Department and the James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, CRNS and Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Mathematics Dept, M.I.T., Nagoya Institute of Technology, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX, The Ohio State University, UIUC, Universit\'e Bordeaux, U. of Pittsburgh, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, U Sevilla, JHU PhD student, University of Washington, CNLD, UT Austin, Max Planck Institute Goettingen, Humboldt University, University of Chapingo, Clemson University, Clemson, SC - 29634, University of Maryland, University of Michigan, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, National Cheng Kung University, New Mexico State University, University of Portland, Okayama University, Osaka University, School of Natural Sciences, Univ. of California, Merced, School of Engineering, Univ. of California, Merced, The Univ. of Tokyo, Riken, West Chester University, Duke University, KU-Leuven, LadHyX, Ecole Polytechnique, LMD, Ecole Polytechnique, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, Republic of China, Chiba University, Tokyo University of Science, Suwa, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Department of Computational Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Ambientale, Universit\`a di Trieste, Italy, Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands, International Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Maryland at College Park, University of Rochester - Mechanical Engineering, University of Warwick, IC, TU/e, University of Massachusetts Amherst, National University of Singapore, Seikei University, Tokyo, Japan, U. of Iowa, UCSB, EURATOM / UKAEA, IRFM/CEA Cadarache, Aix-Marseille Universit\'e, Ecole Centrale Marseille, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Konkuk University, University of Manchester, UK, IRPHE, Aix-Marseille Universit\'e, Laboratoire Mati\`ere et Syst\`emes Complexes, UMR 7057 of CNRS and Paris Diderot University, Colorado State University, University of California - Santa Barbara, Universite de Provence - Ecole Polytechnique Universitaire de Marseille/CNRS, France, Universidad de Ja\'en, Division of Physics and Applied Physics, SPMS, NTU, Singapore, Sizuoka University, Kyushu University, CNM-IMB, Barcelona, Seattle University, LPS, ENS, Northwestern University, University Washington, Laboratoire MSC, PMMH-ESPCI, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Laboratoire dHydrodynamique (LadHyX), CNRS-Ecole Polytechnique, France, Leibniz Inst. for Tropospheric Research, U C San Diego, U. S. Army ARDEC, Harvard University, and Martin Maxey, Brown University, NEEL, CNRS, Florida State University, UCL, Louvain School of Engineering (EPL), University of Southern California, Auburn University, University of Cincinnati, Caltech, Professor, Dept of MINE, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH., Professor, Dept of AEEM, University of Cincinnati., Graduate Student, University of Cincinnati., Washington State University, Institut de Mecanique des Fluides de Toulouse - France, Insitute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, HGM, IRPHE, Marseille, France, Hospital Gregorio Maranon, Madrid, Spain (HGM), E. T. S. Ingenieros Aeronsuticos, UPM, Hokkaido Univeristy, Shizuka University, AIST, MACS Consulting, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, University of Illinois Urbana, University of Pittsburgh, McMaster University, Indian Institute of Science, Laboratory for Aero- and Hydrodynamics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Institute of Physics ASCR, Prague, NorthWest Research Associates, Princeton University, Niigata University, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Research Chair in Solar Energy and Thermal-fluid Sciences, The Abdus Salam ICTP, St. Anthony Falls Lab, University of Minnesota, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Morgantown, WV, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Penn State, LadHyX CNRS, M2P2 CNRS, Northrop Grumman Corporation, Washington State University, Tri-Cities, Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories, California Institute of Technology

  • Hiromichi Kobayashi

    Technische Universitaet Ilmenau, Germany, Universita' di Roma ``La Sapienza'', Italy, School of Engineering Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, Dept. of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Pennsylvania State University, LEGI / CNRS - Grenoble Universites, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Oklahoma State University, Cambridge University, New Jersey Institute of Technology, ESI, Universidad de Sevilla, ETSI, Universidad de Extremadura, University of Seville, Spain, Warsaw University of Technology, University of Kentucky, Universit\'e Libre de Bruxelles, University of Cyprus, Coventry University, KTH, Stockholm, U. Limerick, Eire, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cornell University, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, California Institute of Technology, University of Texas at Austin, Texas A and M University, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, DePaul University, STFI-Packforsk AB, KTH Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Rice Univeristy, MYDATA automation AB, Bromma, Sweden, Kungliga Tekniska H\"ogskolan, Stockholm, Sweden, JAMSTEC, Hokkaido Univ., University of Brussels (ULB), University College Cork, University College Dublin, United Technologies Research Center, University of Tokyo, Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, Johns Hopkins University, St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Dept. of Control and Dynamical Systems, Caltech, The University of Tokyo, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), MIT, University of Alabama, Universit\'e Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut d'Alembert, Paris, School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Purdue University, Tennessee Technological University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Stanford University, Fellow Research Scientist, Idaho National Laboratory, Research Scientist, Idaho National Laboratory, University of California - Irvine, Kuwait University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Keio University, CEMES-CNRS, Toulouse, University of Texas at Tyler, International Centre for Theoretical Physics and University of Maryland, University of Twente, The Netherlands, University of New Hampshire, University of Western Ontario, National Science Foundation., Institut NEEL, CNRS, University of California at Davis, University of Chicago, University of California, Los Angeles, MMN, UMR 7083, ESPCI-CNRS, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Wesleyan University, Duke University, Department of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique, France, UC Santa Barbara, Old Dominion University, BioPower Systems Pty Ltd, The University of Sydney, Brown University, LEA, POITIERS, France, IMFT, France, IMFT, The University of New Mexico, Los Alamos National Laboratory, United States Naval Academy, University of California-Davis, University College, London, UC San Diego, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Department of Mathematical Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Las Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, University of Colorado, Imperial College London, Hokkaido University, University of Cambridge, Physics of Fluids Group, University of Twente, the Netherlands, Rutgers University, TRI Princeton, Kimberley Clark, Asylum Research, University of Melbourne, University of California Santa Barbara, Universit\'e de Lyon, Polytechnic Institute of NYU, Michigan State University, LadHyX, Ecole Polytechnique, France, University of Dundee, UK, Laboratoire Dieudonne, Universite de Nice, France, University of Pennsylvania, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Physics Department and the James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, CRNS and Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Mathematics Dept, M.I.T., Nagoya Institute of Technology, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX, The Ohio State University, UIUC, Universit\'e Bordeaux, U. of Pittsburgh, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, U Sevilla, JHU PhD student, University of Washington, CNLD, UT Austin, Max Planck Institute Goettingen, Humboldt University, University of Chapingo, Clemson University, Clemson, SC - 29634, University of Maryland, University of Michigan, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, National Cheng Kung University, New Mexico State University, University of Portland, Okayama University, Osaka University, School of Natural Sciences, Univ. of California, Merced, School of Engineering, Univ. of California, Merced, The Univ. of Tokyo, Riken, West Chester University, Duke University, KU-Leuven, LadHyX, Ecole Polytechnique, LMD, Ecole Polytechnique, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, Republic of China, Chiba University, Tokyo University of Science, Suwa, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Department of Computational Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Ambientale, Universit\`a di Trieste, Italy, Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands, International Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Maryland at College Park, University of Rochester - Mechanical Engineering, University of Warwick, IC, TU/e, University of Massachusetts Amherst, National University of Singapore, Seikei University, Tokyo, Japan, U. of Iowa, UCSB, EURATOM / UKAEA, IRFM/CEA Cadarache, Aix-Marseille Universit\'e, Ecole Centrale Marseille, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Konkuk University, University of Manchester, UK, IRPHE, Aix-Marseille Universit\'e, Laboratoire Mati\`ere et Syst\`emes Complexes, UMR 7057 of CNRS and Paris Diderot University, Colorado State University, University of California - Santa Barbara, Universite de Provence - Ecole Polytechnique Universitaire de Marseille/CNRS, France, Universidad de Ja\'en, Division of Physics and Applied Physics, SPMS, NTU, Singapore, Sizuoka University, Kyushu University, CNM-IMB, Barcelona, Seattle University, LPS, ENS, Northwestern University, University Washington, Laboratoire MSC, PMMH-ESPCI, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Laboratoire dHydrodynamique (LadHyX), CNRS-Ecole Polytechnique, France, Leibniz Inst. for Tropospheric Research, U C San Diego, U. S. Army ARDEC, Harvard University, and Martin Maxey, Brown University, NEEL, CNRS, Florida State University, UCL, Louvain School of Engineering (EPL), University of Southern California, Auburn University, University of Cincinnati, Caltech, Professor, Dept of MINE, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH., Professor, Dept of AEEM, University of Cincinnati., Graduate Student, University of Cincinnati., Washington State University, Institut de Mecanique des Fluides de Toulouse - France, Insitute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, HGM, IRPHE, Marseille, France, Hospital Gregorio Maranon, Madrid, Spain (HGM), E. T. S. Ingenieros Aeronsuticos, UPM, Hokkaido Univeristy, Shizuka University, AIST, MACS Consulting, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, University of Illinois Urbana, University of Pittsburgh, McMaster University, Indian Institute of Science, Laboratory for Aero- and Hydrodynamics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Institute of Physics ASCR, Prague, NorthWest Research Associates, Princeton University, Niigata University, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Research Chair in Solar Energy and Thermal-fluid Sciences, The Abdus Salam ICTP, St. Anthony Falls Lab, University of Minnesota, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Morgantown, WV, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Penn State, LadHyX CNRS, M2P2 CNRS, Northrop Grumman Corporation, Washington State University, Tri-Cities, Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories, California Institute of Technology