Explosive Microsphere Particle Standards for Trace Explosive Detection Instruments

ORAL

Abstract

Increases in Homeland Security measures have led to a substantial deployment of trace explosive detection systems within the United States and US embassies around the world. One such system is a walk-through portal which aerodynamically screens people for trace explosive particles. Another system is a benchtop instrument that can detect explosives from swipes used to collect explosive particles from surfaces of luggage and clothing. The National Institute of Standards and Technology is involved in a chemical metrology program to support the operational deployment and effective utilization of trace explosive and narcotic detection devices and is working to develop a measurement infrastructure to optimize, calibrate and standardize these instruments. Well characterized test materials are essential for validating the performance of these systems. Particle size, chemical composition, and detector response are particularly important. Here, we describe one method for producing monodisperse polymer microspheres encapsulating trace explosives, simulants, and narcotics using a sonicated co-flow Berkland nozzle. The nozzle creates uniform droplets that undergo an oil/water emulsion process and cure to form hardened microspheres containing the desired analyte. Issues such as particle size, particle uniformity and levels of analyte composition will be discussed.

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Authors

  • Matthew Staymates

    National Institute of Standards and Technology

  • Michael Fuerstman

    Georgia Institute of Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Western Ontario, Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic Univ., Stanford University, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin, Schlumberger-Doll Research, Ecole Sup\'erieure d'Ing\'enieurs en Electronique et Electrotechnique, Sugar Land Product Center, Schlumberger Oilfield Services, Sandia National Lab, Unovis, SUNY at Binghamton, Tel Aviv University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Dept. of Fluid Mechanics, University of Minnesota, Seoul National University, University of Cambridge, Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, LMFA - CNRS, Ecole Centrale de Lyon-UCBL-INSA, Lyon, France, MSNMGP - CNRS \& CMI, Universite de Provence, Marseille, France, National Institute of Standards and Technology, North Dakota State University, UCSB, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Harvard University, LMD-CNRS, Ecole Normale Sup\'erieure, Paris, France, RIKEN, UEC, Michigan State University, Rutgers University, University of Twente (The Netherlands), Philipps-Universitae (Germany), Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, UK, Inodiag, PMMH-ESPCI, PMMH-ESPCI, Paris, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan, Mayo Clinic, Wesleyan University, LNM, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kyushu University, Shizuoka University, School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, UK, University of Birmingham, University of Vermont, MSU, Michigan Technological University, Department of Mathematics and Mechanics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Department of Thermal Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, BIOS group, University of Twente, The Netherlands, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Keio University, Illinois Institute of Technology, Syracuse University, MIT, Tohoku University, Texas A\&M University, Sandia National Laboratories, Ochanomizu University, GE Global Research Center, Naval Research laboratory, Washington, Univ. of Minnesota, Imperial College London, Northeastern University, Boston, USA, Universite de Poitiers, France, Poznan University of Technology, Poland, Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, Berlin University of Technology, Germany, The University of Manchester, UK, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Wisconsin - Madison, IPGP, Institut JLR D'Alembert, CNRS/UPMC, Department of Physics, the Chinese University of Hong Kong*, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dept Matls Sci. and Eng., Seoul National University, University of Bremen, Delft University of Technology, University of Mississippi, Georgia Tech, IFAS, UNCPBA, Argentina., TU Darmstadt, Chair of Technical Thermodynamics, University of Portland, New Mexico State University, University of New Hampshire, University of Utah, University of Chicago, A*STAR IHPC, Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland, University of Toronto, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, KTH Mechanics, Sweden, Princeton University, SAFL, University of Minnesota, TAM, University of Illinois, University of Illinois, Perm State Technical University, Perm State University, Hokkaido University, Dept. of Biomedical Engr., Medicine and Radiology, Univ. of Iowa, Bioengineering Inst., Univ. of Auckland, Dept. of Mechanical and Industr. Engr., IIHR-Hydroscience \& Engr., Univ. of Iowa, Physics of Fluids, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands, Spectrom\'etrie Physique, Universit\'e Grenoble 1, BP 87, 38402 Saint-Martin-d'H\`eres, France, UCSD, Oral Products Center of Excellence. Pfizer, Inc, LEGI-INPG Grenoble, France, Brown University, University of Virginia, Gas Dynamics and Turbulence Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Collaborative Center of Control Science, The Ohio State University, Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Superieure, France, van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Niigata University, Georgia Insitute of Technology, City College, City University of New York, Inha University, VCAD System Research Program, RIKEN, Argonne National Lab, University of Chicago / Argonne National Lab, Cornell University, University of Colorado, School of Engineering, The University of Vermont, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, the University of Iowa, University of Iowa, UCLA, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Bahrain, Bahrain, V Systems, Inc., State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, P. R. China, California Institute of Technology, Instituto de Fisica, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Av. Brasil 2950, Valparaiso 02, Chile, Departamento de Matematicas y Fisica Universidad de Playa Ancha, Av. L. Carvallo 270,Valparaiso 01, Chile, Stevens Institute of Technology, Institute of Engineering Research, Peking University, Beijing, Defence Research and Development Organisation(India), Westminster College, Kettering University, LEGI - UJF/INPG/CNRS, University of Aberdeen, University of California at Santa Barbara, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale, Universita degli Studi di Trieste, Italy, Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands, CNRS/Universite P. \& M. Curie, Argonne National Laboratory, Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc, GraceFlow Technology, University of Melbourne, Polytechnic University, NYU Medical Center, Polytechnic University, NYU Medical Center, UPRES 287, ENSCP Paris, UMR cnrs Gulliver 7083, CEA CESTA, IRPHE, Wichita State University, International Centre for Theoretical Physics and University of Maryland, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization and University of Maryland, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Mechanical Engineering Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G8, Canada, Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, 677 Central Academic Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G1, Canada, Hydrology and Geochemistry Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University/Peking University, Peking University, Center for Turbulence Research, Stanford University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Boston 02139, USA, Department of Physics and Center for Nonlinear and Complex Systems, Duke University, NC 27708, USA, Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Physics, Southampton University, Philipps-Universitaet Marburg, Surface du Verre et Interfaces, UMR CNRS/Saint-Gobain, France, Service de Physique de l'Etat Condense, DSM, CEA Saclay, France, Laboratoire dHydrodynamique (LadHyX), CNRS-Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France, Laboratoire dHydrodynamique (LadHyX), CNRS-Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, FRANCE, Dept. Chemistry, Arizona State University, Dept. physics, Arizona State University, IRPHE, Marseille, France, Institute of High Performance Computing

  • Michael Fuerstman

    Georgia Institute of Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Western Ontario, Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic Univ., Stanford University, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin, Schlumberger-Doll Research, Ecole Sup\'erieure d'Ing\'enieurs en Electronique et Electrotechnique, Sugar Land Product Center, Schlumberger Oilfield Services, Sandia National Lab, Unovis, SUNY at Binghamton, Tel Aviv University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Dept. of Fluid Mechanics, University of Minnesota, Seoul National University, University of Cambridge, Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, LMFA - CNRS, Ecole Centrale de Lyon-UCBL-INSA, Lyon, France, MSNMGP - CNRS \& CMI, Universite de Provence, Marseille, France, National Institute of Standards and Technology, North Dakota State University, UCSB, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Harvard University, LMD-CNRS, Ecole Normale Sup\'erieure, Paris, France, RIKEN, UEC, Michigan State University, Rutgers University, University of Twente (The Netherlands), Philipps-Universitae (Germany), Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, UK, Inodiag, PMMH-ESPCI, PMMH-ESPCI, Paris, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan, Mayo Clinic, Wesleyan University, LNM, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kyushu University, Shizuoka University, School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, UK, University of Birmingham, University of Vermont, MSU, Michigan Technological University, Department of Mathematics and Mechanics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Department of Thermal Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, BIOS group, University of Twente, The Netherlands, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Keio University, Illinois Institute of Technology, Syracuse University, MIT, Tohoku University, Texas A\&M University, Sandia National Laboratories, Ochanomizu University, GE Global Research Center, Naval Research laboratory, Washington, Univ. of Minnesota, Imperial College London, Northeastern University, Boston, USA, Universite de Poitiers, France, Poznan University of Technology, Poland, Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, Berlin University of Technology, Germany, The University of Manchester, UK, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Wisconsin - Madison, IPGP, Institut JLR D'Alembert, CNRS/UPMC, Department of Physics, the Chinese University of Hong Kong*, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dept Matls Sci. and Eng., Seoul National University, University of Bremen, Delft University of Technology, University of Mississippi, Georgia Tech, IFAS, UNCPBA, Argentina., TU Darmstadt, Chair of Technical Thermodynamics, University of Portland, New Mexico State University, University of New Hampshire, University of Utah, University of Chicago, A*STAR IHPC, Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland, University of Toronto, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, KTH Mechanics, Sweden, Princeton University, SAFL, University of Minnesota, TAM, University of Illinois, University of Illinois, Perm State Technical University, Perm State University, Hokkaido University, Dept. of Biomedical Engr., Medicine and Radiology, Univ. of Iowa, Bioengineering Inst., Univ. of Auckland, Dept. of Mechanical and Industr. Engr., IIHR-Hydroscience \& Engr., Univ. of Iowa, Physics of Fluids, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands, Spectrom\'etrie Physique, Universit\'e Grenoble 1, BP 87, 38402 Saint-Martin-d'H\`eres, France, UCSD, Oral Products Center of Excellence. Pfizer, Inc, LEGI-INPG Grenoble, France, Brown University, University of Virginia, Gas Dynamics and Turbulence Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Collaborative Center of Control Science, The Ohio State University, Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Superieure, France, van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Niigata University, Georgia Insitute of Technology, City College, City University of New York, Inha University, VCAD System Research Program, RIKEN, Argonne National Lab, University of Chicago / Argonne National Lab, Cornell University, University of Colorado, School of Engineering, The University of Vermont, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, the University of Iowa, University of Iowa, UCLA, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Bahrain, Bahrain, V Systems, Inc., State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, P. R. China, California Institute of Technology, Instituto de Fisica, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Av. Brasil 2950, Valparaiso 02, Chile, Departamento de Matematicas y Fisica Universidad de Playa Ancha, Av. L. Carvallo 270,Valparaiso 01, Chile, Stevens Institute of Technology, Institute of Engineering Research, Peking University, Beijing, Defence Research and Development Organisation(India), Westminster College, Kettering University, LEGI - UJF/INPG/CNRS, University of Aberdeen, University of California at Santa Barbara, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale, Universita degli Studi di Trieste, Italy, Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands, CNRS/Universite P. \& M. Curie, Argonne National Laboratory, Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc, GraceFlow Technology, University of Melbourne, Polytechnic University, NYU Medical Center, Polytechnic University, NYU Medical Center, UPRES 287, ENSCP Paris, UMR cnrs Gulliver 7083, CEA CESTA, IRPHE, Wichita State University, International Centre for Theoretical Physics and University of Maryland, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization and University of Maryland, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Mechanical Engineering Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G8, Canada, Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, 677 Central Academic Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G1, Canada, Hydrology and Geochemistry Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University/Peking University, Peking University, Center for Turbulence Research, Stanford University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Boston 02139, USA, Department of Physics and Center for Nonlinear and Complex Systems, Duke University, NC 27708, USA, Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Physics, Southampton University, Philipps-Universitaet Marburg, Surface du Verre et Interfaces, UMR CNRS/Saint-Gobain, France, Service de Physique de l'Etat Condense, DSM, CEA Saclay, France, Laboratoire dHydrodynamique (LadHyX), CNRS-Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France, Laboratoire dHydrodynamique (LadHyX), CNRS-Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, FRANCE, Dept. Chemistry, Arizona State University, Dept. physics, Arizona State University, IRPHE, Marseille, France, Institute of High Performance Computing