Turbulence and the formation of galaxies

Gravitational structure formation in the universe began by fragmentation of the primordial plasma at points of minimum density and maximum rate-of-strain when the largest Schwarz gravitational instability scale matched the scale of causal connection $ct$, where $c$ is the speed of light and $t$ is the time since the big bang. Observations and theory suggest this occurred soon after transition to weak turbulence at about $t=10^{12}$ s, forming proto-supercluster-voids and proto-superclusters of plasma mass $10^{45}$ kg along turbulent vortex lines (http://lanl.gov/astro-ph/0606073). The most massive fluid component (probably neutrinos) filled the voids by diffusion and did not form non-baryonic (cold) dark matter condensates, contrary to the standard model. As the universe expanded and cooled the fragmentation mass decreased to that of galaxies $10^{42}$ kg. Hubble space telescope images show the earliest galaxies have a linear morphology reflecting vortex lines of the primordial plasma turbulence. The viscosity decreased by $10^{13}$ at time $t=10^{13}$ s when the plasma turned to gas, permitting fragmentation at planetary $10^{24}$ kg and proto-globular-star-cluster (PGC) $10^{36}$ kg masses to form the baryonic dark matter. Only about 3$\%$ of these frozen H-He planets have formed stars. The frozen PGCs diffused to form $10^{22}$ m halos surrounding $4 \times 10^{19}$ m luminous fossils of the original proto-galaxies and the turbulence that set this scale.