Beta-delayed neutron spectroscopy using trapped radioactive ions

Ryan Yee; N.D. Scielzo; G.V. Brown; G.V. Brown; G.V. Brown; G.V. Brown; G.V. Brown; G.V. Brown; G.V. Brown; G.V. Brown; G.V. Brown; G.V. Brown; G.V. Brown; G.V. Brown; G.V. Brown; G.V. Brown; G.V. Brown; G.V. Brown; G.V. Brown; G.V. Brown

Beta-delayed neutron spectroscopy using trapped radioactive ions

ORAL

Abstract

The properties of beta-delayed neutron emission are of interest to both the basic and applied nuclear physics communities. For example, branching ratios are needed to determine how the short-lived neutron-rich isotopes synthesized in the astrophysical r process decay back to stability to become the isotopes we observe today. Also, neutron energy spectra and branching ratios are required for the design of nuclear reactors. Reliable measurements of the beta-delayed neutron properties can be performed with unprecedented precision using an ion trap surrounded by radiation detectors. When a radioactive ion decays in the trap, the recoil-daughter nucleus and emitted particles emerge from the $\sim $1 mm$^{3}$ trap volume with minimal scattering. These properties allow the momentum and energy of the emitted neutron to be precisely reconstructed from the nuclear recoil. Spectroscopy of beta-delayed neutrons can be performed with high efficiency, energy resolutions approaching $\sim $3{\%}, and virtually no background. Results from a recent proof-of-principle experiment will be discussed. Prepared by LLNL under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344 and ANL under Contract DE-AC02-06CH11357.

Nov. 12, 2011, 4:00 PM – Nov. 12, 2011, 4:12 PM

Authors

Ryan Yee

UCB/LLNL
N.D. Scielzo

LLNL
G.V. Brown

Department of Physics at CSU, Fresno, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Stanford University, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Nanoelectronics Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, University of Tokyo, Cornell University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Shandong University, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, UC Davis, CSU Dominguez Hills, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, UC Berkeley, ANL, UChicago/ANL, UManitoba, Northwestern U/ANL, LLNL, UCB/LLNL, McGill U, McGill U/ANL, University of Nevada, Reno, Hitachi Global Storage Technology, Advanced Light Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Missouri University of Science and Technology, International Institute of Physics, University of Missouri, University of Notre Dame du Lac, Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno, California, California State University Long Beach, BNL, IWF Dresden, Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA, University of California, Merced, Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, IN2P3 (France), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory/Stanford University/KIPAC, University of Perugia, University of Washington, CEA/Saclay, UNR, UNM, UCSD, RAL, ILE, MIT, LANL, LLE, NRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Max Born Institut, Hiroshima University, Western Michigan University, MPIK
G.V. Brown

Department of Physics at CSU, Fresno, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Stanford University, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Nanoelectronics Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, University of Tokyo, Cornell University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Shandong University, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, UC Davis, CSU Dominguez Hills, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, UC Berkeley, ANL, UChicago/ANL, UManitoba, Northwestern U/ANL, LLNL, UCB/LLNL, McGill U, McGill U/ANL, University of Nevada, Reno, Hitachi Global Storage Technology, Advanced Light Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Missouri University of Science and Technology, International Institute of Physics, University of Missouri, University of Notre Dame du Lac, Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno, California, California State University Long Beach, BNL, IWF Dresden, Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA, University of California, Merced, Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, IN2P3 (France), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory/Stanford University/KIPAC, University of Perugia, University of Washington, CEA/Saclay, UNR, UNM, UCSD, RAL, ILE, MIT, LANL, LLE, NRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Max Born Institut, Hiroshima University, Western Michigan University, MPIK
G.V. Brown

Department of Physics at CSU, Fresno, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Stanford University, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Nanoelectronics Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, University of Tokyo, Cornell University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Shandong University, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, UC Davis, CSU Dominguez Hills, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, UC Berkeley, ANL, UChicago/ANL, UManitoba, Northwestern U/ANL, LLNL, UCB/LLNL, McGill U, McGill U/ANL, University of Nevada, Reno, Hitachi Global Storage Technology, Advanced Light Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Missouri University of Science and Technology, International Institute of Physics, University of Missouri, University of Notre Dame du Lac, Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno, California, California State University Long Beach, BNL, IWF Dresden, Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA, University of California, Merced, Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, IN2P3 (France), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory/Stanford University/KIPAC, University of Perugia, University of Washington, CEA/Saclay, UNR, UNM, UCSD, RAL, ILE, MIT, LANL, LLE, NRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Max Born Institut, Hiroshima University, Western Michigan University, MPIK
G.V. Brown

Department of Physics at CSU, Fresno, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Stanford University, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Nanoelectronics Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, University of Tokyo, Cornell University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Shandong University, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, UC Davis, CSU Dominguez Hills, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, UC Berkeley, ANL, UChicago/ANL, UManitoba, Northwestern U/ANL, LLNL, UCB/LLNL, McGill U, McGill U/ANL, University of Nevada, Reno, Hitachi Global Storage Technology, Advanced Light Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Missouri University of Science and Technology, International Institute of Physics, University of Missouri, University of Notre Dame du Lac, Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno, California, California State University Long Beach, BNL, IWF Dresden, Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA, University of California, Merced, Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, IN2P3 (France), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory/Stanford University/KIPAC, University of Perugia, University of Washington, CEA/Saclay, UNR, UNM, UCSD, RAL, ILE, MIT, LANL, LLE, NRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Max Born Institut, Hiroshima University, Western Michigan University, MPIK
G.V. Brown

Department of Physics at CSU, Fresno, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Stanford University, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Nanoelectronics Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, University of Tokyo, Cornell University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Shandong University, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, UC Davis, CSU Dominguez Hills, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, UC Berkeley, ANL, UChicago/ANL, UManitoba, Northwestern U/ANL, LLNL, UCB/LLNL, McGill U, McGill U/ANL, University of Nevada, Reno, Hitachi Global Storage Technology, Advanced Light Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Missouri University of Science and Technology, International Institute of Physics, University of Missouri, University of Notre Dame du Lac, Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno, California, California State University Long Beach, BNL, IWF Dresden, Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA, University of California, Merced, Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, IN2P3 (France), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory/Stanford University/KIPAC, University of Perugia, University of Washington, CEA/Saclay, UNR, UNM, UCSD, RAL, ILE, MIT, LANL, LLE, NRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Max Born Institut, Hiroshima University, Western Michigan University, MPIK
G.V. Brown

Department of Physics at CSU, Fresno, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Stanford University, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Nanoelectronics Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, University of Tokyo, Cornell University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Shandong University, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, UC Davis, CSU Dominguez Hills, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, UC Berkeley, ANL, UChicago/ANL, UManitoba, Northwestern U/ANL, LLNL, UCB/LLNL, McGill U, McGill U/ANL, University of Nevada, Reno, Hitachi Global Storage Technology, Advanced Light Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Missouri University of Science and Technology, International Institute of Physics, University of Missouri, University of Notre Dame du Lac, Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno, California, California State University Long Beach, BNL, IWF Dresden, Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA, University of California, Merced, Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, IN2P3 (France), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory/Stanford University/KIPAC, University of Perugia, University of Washington, CEA/Saclay, UNR, UNM, UCSD, RAL, ILE, MIT, LANL, LLE, NRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Max Born Institut, Hiroshima University, Western Michigan University, MPIK
G.V. Brown

Department of Physics at CSU, Fresno, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Stanford University, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Nanoelectronics Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, University of Tokyo, Cornell University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Shandong University, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, UC Davis, CSU Dominguez Hills, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, UC Berkeley, ANL, UChicago/ANL, UManitoba, Northwestern U/ANL, LLNL, UCB/LLNL, McGill U, McGill U/ANL, University of Nevada, Reno, Hitachi Global Storage Technology, Advanced Light Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Missouri University of Science and Technology, International Institute of Physics, University of Missouri, University of Notre Dame du Lac, Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno, California, California State University Long Beach, BNL, IWF Dresden, Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA, University of California, Merced, Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, IN2P3 (France), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory/Stanford University/KIPAC, University of Perugia, University of Washington, CEA/Saclay, UNR, UNM, UCSD, RAL, ILE, MIT, LANL, LLE, NRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Max Born Institut, Hiroshima University, Western Michigan University, MPIK
G.V. Brown

Department of Physics at CSU, Fresno, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Stanford University, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Nanoelectronics Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, University of Tokyo, Cornell University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Shandong University, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, UC Davis, CSU Dominguez Hills, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, UC Berkeley, ANL, UChicago/ANL, UManitoba, Northwestern U/ANL, LLNL, UCB/LLNL, McGill U, McGill U/ANL, University of Nevada, Reno, Hitachi Global Storage Technology, Advanced Light Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Missouri University of Science and Technology, International Institute of Physics, University of Missouri, University of Notre Dame du Lac, Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno, California, California State University Long Beach, BNL, IWF Dresden, Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA, University of California, Merced, Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, IN2P3 (France), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory/Stanford University/KIPAC, University of Perugia, University of Washington, CEA/Saclay, UNR, UNM, UCSD, RAL, ILE, MIT, LANL, LLE, NRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Max Born Institut, Hiroshima University, Western Michigan University, MPIK
G.V. Brown

Department of Physics at CSU, Fresno, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Stanford University, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Nanoelectronics Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, University of Tokyo, Cornell University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Shandong University, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, UC Davis, CSU Dominguez Hills, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, UC Berkeley, ANL, UChicago/ANL, UManitoba, Northwestern U/ANL, LLNL, UCB/LLNL, McGill U, McGill U/ANL, University of Nevada, Reno, Hitachi Global Storage Technology, Advanced Light Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Missouri University of Science and Technology, International Institute of Physics, University of Missouri, University of Notre Dame du Lac, Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno, California, California State University Long Beach, BNL, IWF Dresden, Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA, University of California, Merced, Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, IN2P3 (France), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory/Stanford University/KIPAC, University of Perugia, University of Washington, CEA/Saclay, UNR, UNM, UCSD, RAL, ILE, MIT, LANL, LLE, NRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Max Born Institut, Hiroshima University, Western Michigan University, MPIK
G.V. Brown

Department of Physics at CSU, Fresno, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Stanford University, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Nanoelectronics Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, University of Tokyo, Cornell University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Shandong University, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, UC Davis, CSU Dominguez Hills, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, UC Berkeley, ANL, UChicago/ANL, UManitoba, Northwestern U/ANL, LLNL, UCB/LLNL, McGill U, McGill U/ANL, University of Nevada, Reno, Hitachi Global Storage Technology, Advanced Light Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Missouri University of Science and Technology, International Institute of Physics, University of Missouri, University of Notre Dame du Lac, Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno, California, California State University Long Beach, BNL, IWF Dresden, Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA, University of California, Merced, Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, IN2P3 (France), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory/Stanford University/KIPAC, University of Perugia, University of Washington, CEA/Saclay, UNR, UNM, UCSD, RAL, ILE, MIT, LANL, LLE, NRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Max Born Institut, Hiroshima University, Western Michigan University, MPIK
G.V. Brown

Department of Physics at CSU, Fresno, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Stanford University, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Nanoelectronics Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, University of Tokyo, Cornell University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Shandong University, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, UC Davis, CSU Dominguez Hills, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, UC Berkeley, ANL, UChicago/ANL, UManitoba, Northwestern U/ANL, LLNL, UCB/LLNL, McGill U, McGill U/ANL, University of Nevada, Reno, Hitachi Global Storage Technology, Advanced Light Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Missouri University of Science and Technology, International Institute of Physics, University of Missouri, University of Notre Dame du Lac, Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno, California, California State University Long Beach, BNL, IWF Dresden, Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA, University of California, Merced, Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, IN2P3 (France), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory/Stanford University/KIPAC, University of Perugia, University of Washington, CEA/Saclay, UNR, UNM, UCSD, RAL, ILE, MIT, LANL, LLE, NRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Max Born Institut, Hiroshima University, Western Michigan University, MPIK
G.V. Brown

Department of Physics at CSU, Fresno, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Stanford University, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Nanoelectronics Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, University of Tokyo, Cornell University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Shandong University, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, UC Davis, CSU Dominguez Hills, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, UC Berkeley, ANL, UChicago/ANL, UManitoba, Northwestern U/ANL, LLNL, UCB/LLNL, McGill U, McGill U/ANL, University of Nevada, Reno, Hitachi Global Storage Technology, Advanced Light Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Missouri University of Science and Technology, International Institute of Physics, University of Missouri, University of Notre Dame du Lac, Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno, California, California State University Long Beach, BNL, IWF Dresden, Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA, University of California, Merced, Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, IN2P3 (France), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory/Stanford University/KIPAC, University of Perugia, University of Washington, CEA/Saclay, UNR, UNM, UCSD, RAL, ILE, MIT, LANL, LLE, NRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Max Born Institut, Hiroshima University, Western Michigan University, MPIK
G.V. Brown

Department of Physics at CSU, Fresno, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Stanford University, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Nanoelectronics Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, University of Tokyo, Cornell University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Shandong University, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, UC Davis, CSU Dominguez Hills, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, UC Berkeley, ANL, UChicago/ANL, UManitoba, Northwestern U/ANL, LLNL, UCB/LLNL, McGill U, McGill U/ANL, University of Nevada, Reno, Hitachi Global Storage Technology, Advanced Light Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Missouri University of Science and Technology, International Institute of Physics, University of Missouri, University of Notre Dame du Lac, Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno, California, California State University Long Beach, BNL, IWF Dresden, Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA, University of California, Merced, Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, IN2P3 (France), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory/Stanford University/KIPAC, University of Perugia, University of Washington, CEA/Saclay, UNR, UNM, UCSD, RAL, ILE, MIT, LANL, LLE, NRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Max Born Institut, Hiroshima University, Western Michigan University, MPIK
G.V. Brown

Department of Physics at CSU, Fresno, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Stanford University, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Nanoelectronics Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, University of Tokyo, Cornell University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Shandong University, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, UC Davis, CSU Dominguez Hills, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, UC Berkeley, ANL, UChicago/ANL, UManitoba, Northwestern U/ANL, LLNL, UCB/LLNL, McGill U, McGill U/ANL, University of Nevada, Reno, Hitachi Global Storage Technology, Advanced Light Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Missouri University of Science and Technology, International Institute of Physics, University of Missouri, University of Notre Dame du Lac, Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno, California, California State University Long Beach, BNL, IWF Dresden, Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA, University of California, Merced, Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, IN2P3 (France), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory/Stanford University/KIPAC, University of Perugia, University of Washington, CEA/Saclay, UNR, UNM, UCSD, RAL, ILE, MIT, LANL, LLE, NRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Max Born Institut, Hiroshima University, Western Michigan University, MPIK
G.V. Brown

Department of Physics at CSU, Fresno, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Stanford University, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Nanoelectronics Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, University of Tokyo, Cornell University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Shandong University, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, UC Davis, CSU Dominguez Hills, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, UC Berkeley, ANL, UChicago/ANL, UManitoba, Northwestern U/ANL, LLNL, UCB/LLNL, McGill U, McGill U/ANL, University of Nevada, Reno, Hitachi Global Storage Technology, Advanced Light Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Missouri University of Science and Technology, International Institute of Physics, University of Missouri, University of Notre Dame du Lac, Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno, California, California State University Long Beach, BNL, IWF Dresden, Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA, University of California, Merced, Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, IN2P3 (France), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory/Stanford University/KIPAC, University of Perugia, University of Washington, CEA/Saclay, UNR, UNM, UCSD, RAL, ILE, MIT, LANL, LLE, NRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Max Born Institut, Hiroshima University, Western Michigan University, MPIK
G.V. Brown

Department of Physics at CSU, Fresno, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Stanford University, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Nanoelectronics Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, University of Tokyo, Cornell University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Shandong University, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, UC Davis, CSU Dominguez Hills, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, UC Berkeley, ANL, UChicago/ANL, UManitoba, Northwestern U/ANL, LLNL, UCB/LLNL, McGill U, McGill U/ANL, University of Nevada, Reno, Hitachi Global Storage Technology, Advanced Light Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Missouri University of Science and Technology, International Institute of Physics, University of Missouri, University of Notre Dame du Lac, Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno, California, California State University Long Beach, BNL, IWF Dresden, Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA, University of California, Merced, Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, IN2P3 (France), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory/Stanford University/KIPAC, University of Perugia, University of Washington, CEA/Saclay, UNR, UNM, UCSD, RAL, ILE, MIT, LANL, LLE, NRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Max Born Institut, Hiroshima University, Western Michigan University, MPIK
G.V. Brown

Department of Physics at CSU, Fresno, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Stanford University, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Nanoelectronics Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, University of Tokyo, Cornell University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Shandong University, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, UC Davis, CSU Dominguez Hills, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, UC Berkeley, ANL, UChicago/ANL, UManitoba, Northwestern U/ANL, LLNL, UCB/LLNL, McGill U, McGill U/ANL, University of Nevada, Reno, Hitachi Global Storage Technology, Advanced Light Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Missouri University of Science and Technology, International Institute of Physics, University of Missouri, University of Notre Dame du Lac, Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno, California, California State University Long Beach, BNL, IWF Dresden, Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA, University of California, Merced, Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, IN2P3 (France), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory/Stanford University/KIPAC, University of Perugia, University of Washington, CEA/Saclay, UNR, UNM, UCSD, RAL, ILE, MIT, LANL, LLE, NRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Max Born Institut, Hiroshima University, Western Michigan University, MPIK
G.V. Brown

Department of Physics at CSU, Fresno, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Stanford University, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Nanoelectronics Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, University of Tokyo, Cornell University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Shandong University, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, UC Davis, CSU Dominguez Hills, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, UC Berkeley, ANL, UChicago/ANL, UManitoba, Northwestern U/ANL, LLNL, UCB/LLNL, McGill U, McGill U/ANL, University of Nevada, Reno, Hitachi Global Storage Technology, Advanced Light Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Missouri University of Science and Technology, International Institute of Physics, University of Missouri, University of Notre Dame du Lac, Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno, California, California State University Long Beach, BNL, IWF Dresden, Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA, University of California, Merced, Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, IN2P3 (France), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory/Stanford University/KIPAC, University of Perugia, University of Washington, CEA/Saclay, UNR, UNM, UCSD, RAL, ILE, MIT, LANL, LLE, NRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Max Born Institut, Hiroshima University, Western Michigan University, MPIK