Bremsstrahlung Measurements of the Properties of Laser-Generated Hot Electrons for Fast Ignition

ORAL

Abstract

The laser to hot electron coupling efficiency, divergence angle, and spectrum are the key parameters for evaluating whether a compressed fusion capsule will ignite under the Fast Ignition scheme for Inertial Confinement Fusion. These properties were studied on the Titan laser (1054 nm, 150 J, 0.7 ps, 10$^{20}$ W/cm$^2$) at LLNL using an array of absolutely calibrated Bremsstrahlung spectrometers (differential sensitivity up to 700 keV) measuring emission from planar multilayer foil and cone-foil targets. A HOPG crystal spectrometer was also used to measure the line emission from buried flours. The electron transport and x-ray emission is modeled with the Monte Carlo code ITS 3.0 and the hybrid-PIC code LSP LLNL-ABS-45809

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Authors

  • Andreas Bill

    Photonics CoE, Sciprint.org, LLNL, OSU, Imperial College London, General Atomis, UCSD, University of Milan, Instituto Superior Technico, University of Alberta, US Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Parlier, CA, Dept. of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, Dept. of Physics, California State University, Fresno, Weizmann Institute of Science, Stanford University, University of Connecticut, Storrs, UC Irvine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, California Institute of Technology, Ulm University, TU Darmstadt, UC Berkeley, GSFC, University of Regenberg, Germany, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, University of California, Los Angeles, Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, PSFC, MIT, University of California, Santa Barbara, Process Measurements Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Division of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Department of Physics, Fars Science and Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Texas A\&M University-Commerce, California State University, Long Beach, Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara

  • Andreas Bill

    Photonics CoE, Sciprint.org, LLNL, OSU, Imperial College London, General Atomis, UCSD, University of Milan, Instituto Superior Technico, University of Alberta, US Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Parlier, CA, Dept. of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, Dept. of Physics, California State University, Fresno, Weizmann Institute of Science, Stanford University, University of Connecticut, Storrs, UC Irvine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, California Institute of Technology, Ulm University, TU Darmstadt, UC Berkeley, GSFC, University of Regenberg, Germany, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, University of California, Los Angeles, Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, PSFC, MIT, University of California, Santa Barbara, Process Measurements Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Division of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Department of Physics, Fars Science and Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Texas A\&M University-Commerce, California State University, Long Beach, Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara

  • Cliff Chen

    LLNL

  • Andreas Bill

    Photonics CoE, Sciprint.org, LLNL, OSU, Imperial College London, General Atomis, UCSD, University of Milan, Instituto Superior Technico, University of Alberta, US Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Parlier, CA, Dept. of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, Dept. of Physics, California State University, Fresno, Weizmann Institute of Science, Stanford University, University of Connecticut, Storrs, UC Irvine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, California Institute of Technology, Ulm University, TU Darmstadt, UC Berkeley, GSFC, University of Regenberg, Germany, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, University of California, Los Angeles, Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, PSFC, MIT, University of California, Santa Barbara, Process Measurements Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Division of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Department of Physics, Fars Science and Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Texas A\&M University-Commerce, California State University, Long Beach, Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara

  • Andreas Bill

    Photonics CoE, Sciprint.org, LLNL, OSU, Imperial College London, General Atomis, UCSD, University of Milan, Instituto Superior Technico, University of Alberta, US Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Parlier, CA, Dept. of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, Dept. of Physics, California State University, Fresno, Weizmann Institute of Science, Stanford University, University of Connecticut, Storrs, UC Irvine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, California Institute of Technology, Ulm University, TU Darmstadt, UC Berkeley, GSFC, University of Regenberg, Germany, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, University of California, Los Angeles, Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, PSFC, MIT, University of California, Santa Barbara, Process Measurements Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Division of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Department of Physics, Fars Science and Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Texas A\&M University-Commerce, California State University, Long Beach, Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara

  • Andreas Bill

    Photonics CoE, Sciprint.org, LLNL, OSU, Imperial College London, General Atomis, UCSD, University of Milan, Instituto Superior Technico, University of Alberta, US Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Parlier, CA, Dept. of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, Dept. of Physics, California State University, Fresno, Weizmann Institute of Science, Stanford University, University of Connecticut, Storrs, UC Irvine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, California Institute of Technology, Ulm University, TU Darmstadt, UC Berkeley, GSFC, University of Regenberg, Germany, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, University of California, Los Angeles, Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, PSFC, MIT, University of California, Santa Barbara, Process Measurements Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Division of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Department of Physics, Fars Science and Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Texas A\&M University-Commerce, California State University, Long Beach, Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara

  • Andreas Bill

    Photonics CoE, Sciprint.org, LLNL, OSU, Imperial College London, General Atomis, UCSD, University of Milan, Instituto Superior Technico, University of Alberta, US Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Parlier, CA, Dept. of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, Dept. of Physics, California State University, Fresno, Weizmann Institute of Science, Stanford University, University of Connecticut, Storrs, UC Irvine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, California Institute of Technology, Ulm University, TU Darmstadt, UC Berkeley, GSFC, University of Regenberg, Germany, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, University of California, Los Angeles, Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, PSFC, MIT, University of California, Santa Barbara, Process Measurements Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Division of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Department of Physics, Fars Science and Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Texas A\&M University-Commerce, California State University, Long Beach, Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara

  • Andreas Bill

    Photonics CoE, Sciprint.org, LLNL, OSU, Imperial College London, General Atomis, UCSD, University of Milan, Instituto Superior Technico, University of Alberta, US Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Parlier, CA, Dept. of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, Dept. of Physics, California State University, Fresno, Weizmann Institute of Science, Stanford University, University of Connecticut, Storrs, UC Irvine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, California Institute of Technology, Ulm University, TU Darmstadt, UC Berkeley, GSFC, University of Regenberg, Germany, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, University of California, Los Angeles, Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, PSFC, MIT, University of California, Santa Barbara, Process Measurements Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Division of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Department of Physics, Fars Science and Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Texas A\&M University-Commerce, California State University, Long Beach, Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara

  • Andreas Bill

    Photonics CoE, Sciprint.org, LLNL, OSU, Imperial College London, General Atomis, UCSD, University of Milan, Instituto Superior Technico, University of Alberta, US Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Parlier, CA, Dept. of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, Dept. of Physics, California State University, Fresno, Weizmann Institute of Science, Stanford University, University of Connecticut, Storrs, UC Irvine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, California Institute of Technology, Ulm University, TU Darmstadt, UC Berkeley, GSFC, University of Regenberg, Germany, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, University of California, Los Angeles, Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, PSFC, MIT, University of California, Santa Barbara, Process Measurements Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Division of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Department of Physics, Fars Science and Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Texas A\&M University-Commerce, California State University, Long Beach, Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara

  • Andreas Bill

    Photonics CoE, Sciprint.org, LLNL, OSU, Imperial College London, General Atomis, UCSD, University of Milan, Instituto Superior Technico, University of Alberta, US Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Parlier, CA, Dept. of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, Dept. of Physics, California State University, Fresno, Weizmann Institute of Science, Stanford University, University of Connecticut, Storrs, UC Irvine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, California Institute of Technology, Ulm University, TU Darmstadt, UC Berkeley, GSFC, University of Regenberg, Germany, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, University of California, Los Angeles, Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, PSFC, MIT, University of California, Santa Barbara, Process Measurements Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Division of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Department of Physics, Fars Science and Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Texas A\&M University-Commerce, California State University, Long Beach, Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara

  • Andreas Bill

    Photonics CoE, Sciprint.org, LLNL, OSU, Imperial College London, General Atomis, UCSD, University of Milan, Instituto Superior Technico, University of Alberta, US Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Parlier, CA, Dept. of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, Dept. of Physics, California State University, Fresno, Weizmann Institute of Science, Stanford University, University of Connecticut, Storrs, UC Irvine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, California Institute of Technology, Ulm University, TU Darmstadt, UC Berkeley, GSFC, University of Regenberg, Germany, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, University of California, Los Angeles, Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, PSFC, MIT, University of California, Santa Barbara, Process Measurements Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Division of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Department of Physics, Fars Science and Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Texas A\&M University-Commerce, California State University, Long Beach, Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara

  • Andreas Bill

    Photonics CoE, Sciprint.org, LLNL, OSU, Imperial College London, General Atomis, UCSD, University of Milan, Instituto Superior Technico, University of Alberta, US Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Parlier, CA, Dept. of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, Dept. of Physics, California State University, Fresno, Weizmann Institute of Science, Stanford University, University of Connecticut, Storrs, UC Irvine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, California Institute of Technology, Ulm University, TU Darmstadt, UC Berkeley, GSFC, University of Regenberg, Germany, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, University of California, Los Angeles, Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, PSFC, MIT, University of California, Santa Barbara, Process Measurements Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Division of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Department of Physics, Fars Science and Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Texas A\&M University-Commerce, California State University, Long Beach, Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara

  • Andreas Bill

    Photonics CoE, Sciprint.org, LLNL, OSU, Imperial College London, General Atomis, UCSD, University of Milan, Instituto Superior Technico, University of Alberta, US Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Parlier, CA, Dept. of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, Dept. of Physics, California State University, Fresno, Weizmann Institute of Science, Stanford University, University of Connecticut, Storrs, UC Irvine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, California Institute of Technology, Ulm University, TU Darmstadt, UC Berkeley, GSFC, University of Regenberg, Germany, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, University of California, Los Angeles, Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, PSFC, MIT, University of California, Santa Barbara, Process Measurements Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Division of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Department of Physics, Fars Science and Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Texas A\&M University-Commerce, California State University, Long Beach, Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara

  • Andreas Bill

    Photonics CoE, Sciprint.org, LLNL, OSU, Imperial College London, General Atomis, UCSD, University of Milan, Instituto Superior Technico, University of Alberta, US Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Parlier, CA, Dept. of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, Dept. of Physics, California State University, Fresno, Weizmann Institute of Science, Stanford University, University of Connecticut, Storrs, UC Irvine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, California Institute of Technology, Ulm University, TU Darmstadt, UC Berkeley, GSFC, University of Regenberg, Germany, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, University of California, Los Angeles, Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, PSFC, MIT, University of California, Santa Barbara, Process Measurements Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Division of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Department of Physics, Fars Science and Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Texas A\&M University-Commerce, California State University, Long Beach, Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara

  • Andreas Bill

    Photonics CoE, Sciprint.org, LLNL, OSU, Imperial College London, General Atomis, UCSD, University of Milan, Instituto Superior Technico, University of Alberta, US Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Parlier, CA, Dept. of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, Dept. of Physics, California State University, Fresno, Weizmann Institute of Science, Stanford University, University of Connecticut, Storrs, UC Irvine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, California Institute of Technology, Ulm University, TU Darmstadt, UC Berkeley, GSFC, University of Regenberg, Germany, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, University of California, Los Angeles, Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, PSFC, MIT, University of California, Santa Barbara, Process Measurements Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Division of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Department of Physics, Fars Science and Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Texas A\&M University-Commerce, California State University, Long Beach, Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara

  • Andreas Bill

    Photonics CoE, Sciprint.org, LLNL, OSU, Imperial College London, General Atomis, UCSD, University of Milan, Instituto Superior Technico, University of Alberta, US Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Parlier, CA, Dept. of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, Dept. of Physics, California State University, Fresno, Weizmann Institute of Science, Stanford University, University of Connecticut, Storrs, UC Irvine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, California Institute of Technology, Ulm University, TU Darmstadt, UC Berkeley, GSFC, University of Regenberg, Germany, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, University of California, Los Angeles, Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, PSFC, MIT, University of California, Santa Barbara, Process Measurements Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Division of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Department of Physics, Fars Science and Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Texas A\&M University-Commerce, California State University, Long Beach, Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara

  • Andreas Bill

    Photonics CoE, Sciprint.org, LLNL, OSU, Imperial College London, General Atomis, UCSD, University of Milan, Instituto Superior Technico, University of Alberta, US Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Parlier, CA, Dept. of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, Dept. of Physics, California State University, Fresno, Weizmann Institute of Science, Stanford University, University of Connecticut, Storrs, UC Irvine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, California Institute of Technology, Ulm University, TU Darmstadt, UC Berkeley, GSFC, University of Regenberg, Germany, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, University of California, Los Angeles, Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, PSFC, MIT, University of California, Santa Barbara, Process Measurements Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Division of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Department of Physics, Fars Science and Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Texas A\&M University-Commerce, California State University, Long Beach, Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara

  • Andreas Bill

    Photonics CoE, Sciprint.org, LLNL, OSU, Imperial College London, General Atomis, UCSD, University of Milan, Instituto Superior Technico, University of Alberta, US Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Parlier, CA, Dept. of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, Dept. of Physics, California State University, Fresno, Weizmann Institute of Science, Stanford University, University of Connecticut, Storrs, UC Irvine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, California Institute of Technology, Ulm University, TU Darmstadt, UC Berkeley, GSFC, University of Regenberg, Germany, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, University of California, Los Angeles, Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, PSFC, MIT, University of California, Santa Barbara, Process Measurements Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Division of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Department of Physics, Fars Science and Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Texas A\&M University-Commerce, California State University, Long Beach, Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara

  • Andreas Bill

    Photonics CoE, Sciprint.org, LLNL, OSU, Imperial College London, General Atomis, UCSD, University of Milan, Instituto Superior Technico, University of Alberta, US Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Parlier, CA, Dept. of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, Dept. of Physics, California State University, Fresno, Weizmann Institute of Science, Stanford University, University of Connecticut, Storrs, UC Irvine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, California Institute of Technology, Ulm University, TU Darmstadt, UC Berkeley, GSFC, University of Regenberg, Germany, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, University of California, Los Angeles, Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, PSFC, MIT, University of California, Santa Barbara, Process Measurements Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Division of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Department of Physics, Fars Science and Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Texas A\&M University-Commerce, California State University, Long Beach, Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara

  • Andreas Bill

    Photonics CoE, Sciprint.org, LLNL, OSU, Imperial College London, General Atomis, UCSD, University of Milan, Instituto Superior Technico, University of Alberta, US Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Parlier, CA, Dept. of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, Dept. of Physics, California State University, Fresno, Weizmann Institute of Science, Stanford University, University of Connecticut, Storrs, UC Irvine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, California Institute of Technology, Ulm University, TU Darmstadt, UC Berkeley, GSFC, University of Regenberg, Germany, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, University of California, Los Angeles, Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, PSFC, MIT, University of California, Santa Barbara, Process Measurements Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Division of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Department of Physics, Fars Science and Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Texas A\&M University-Commerce, California State University, Long Beach, Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara

  • Andreas Bill

    Photonics CoE, Sciprint.org, LLNL, OSU, Imperial College London, General Atomis, UCSD, University of Milan, Instituto Superior Technico, University of Alberta, US Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Parlier, CA, Dept. of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, Dept. of Physics, California State University, Fresno, Weizmann Institute of Science, Stanford University, University of Connecticut, Storrs, UC Irvine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, California Institute of Technology, Ulm University, TU Darmstadt, UC Berkeley, GSFC, University of Regenberg, Germany, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, University of California, Los Angeles, Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, PSFC, MIT, University of California, Santa Barbara, Process Measurements Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Division of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Department of Physics, Fars Science and Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Texas A\&M University-Commerce, California State University, Long Beach, Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara

  • Andreas Bill

    Photonics CoE, Sciprint.org, LLNL, OSU, Imperial College London, General Atomis, UCSD, University of Milan, Instituto Superior Technico, University of Alberta, US Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Parlier, CA, Dept. of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, Dept. of Physics, California State University, Fresno, Weizmann Institute of Science, Stanford University, University of Connecticut, Storrs, UC Irvine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, California Institute of Technology, Ulm University, TU Darmstadt, UC Berkeley, GSFC, University of Regenberg, Germany, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, University of California, Los Angeles, Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, PSFC, MIT, University of California, Santa Barbara, Process Measurements Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Division of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Department of Physics, Fars Science and Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Texas A\&M University-Commerce, California State University, Long Beach, Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara