Dynamic Cosmology

An analysis proves the dynamic effect to be substantial for the expanding universe, a deviation from the standard Friedmann equation. This is due to the relative motion in terms of the proper distance of matter and energy during the expansion according to Hubble’s law. With the resulting dynamic critical density (DCD) that is greater than the critical density of the Lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model, the hypothetical cold dark matter (CDM) is identified as being a dynamic effect that is not accounted for by the Friedmann equation. The cosmic expansion can now be predicted mainly with two compositions, matter and dark energy (i.e. the cosmological constant); hence the ΛCDM model is replaced by the dynamic Λ model with the dynamic effect replacing the CDM. Two methods enable the analysis. The first method uses an ad-hoc special-relativistic (SR) extension of the Newton’s gravity. The second method uses a more formal SR extension of the Friedmann equation derived from the general relativity by explicitly incorporating the Lorentz factor. The DCDs predicted by the two methods agree within 1.2% of each other, a convincing result. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first time a dynamic effect has been incorporated into the Friedmann equation.