Matter-antimatter asymmetry from preon aggregation in the early universe

A universe consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons with electrical neutrality is consistent with an equal number of c and c_bar preons, assuming the rishon preon theory of Shupe and Harari [1, 2]. Similarly, a universe consisting of antiprotons, antineutrons, and positrons with electrical neutrality is consistent with an equal number of c and c_bar preons. Hence, any combination of such matter-antimatter compositions is also consistent with an equal number of c and c_bar preons and overall electrical neutrality. It is proposed that the difference observed in baryon-antibaryon number density relative to photon number density, ~ 5x10^-10, is due to allocation of preons between matter and antimatter during preon aggregation into normal matter. Two approaches are considered: (1) an allocation at times corresponding to the Planck temperature and (2) an allocation at times corresponding to quark and nucleon formation. Both approaches give the correct magnitude of the asymmetry assuming out-of-equilibrium freeze-out and a slight and allowed C-asymmetry in preon bonding in a self-consistent quantum field theory [3]. Sakharov’s baryon non-conservation condition is evidently not required with these approaches, because they assume another level of matter (preons) which is present before quark and lepton formation. Thus, preons can provide an elementary explanation of matter-antimatter asymmetry.



[1] Harari, H.,"A schematic model of quarks and leptons," Phys. Lett. B. 86, pp. 83–86 (1979).

[2] Shupe, M. A., "A composite model of leptons and quarks," Phys. Lett. B. 86, pp. 87–92 (1979).

[3] Holmes, R., A Quantum Field Theory with Permutational Symmetry, 2^nd ed. (Lambert Academic, Riga, 2021).