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Lateral and Time Distributions of Extensive Air Showers for CHICOS

ORAL

Abstract

We report results of a series of detailed Monte-Carlo calculations to determine the density and arrival-time distribution of charged particles in extensive air showers. We have parameterized both distributions as a function of distance from the shower axis, energy of the primary cosmic-ray proton, and incident zenith angle. Muons and electrons are parameterized separately. These parameterizations can be easily used in maximum-likelihood reconstruction of air showers. Calculations were performed for primary energies between $10^{18}$ and $10^{21}eV$ and zenith angles out to approximately $50^{\circ}$. The calculations are appropriate for the California High School Cosmic Ray Observatory: a 400 $\mbox{km}^{2}$ array of scintillation detectors in Los Angeles county. The average elevation of the array is approximately 250 meters above sea level. Currently 64 of 90 sites are operational. The array will be completed this year. We thank the NSF, the CURE program at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the SURF program at Caltech, and the Chinese University of Hong Kong.

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Authors

  • C.J. Jillings

  • Raffaella De Vita

    Kent State University, Jefferson Lab, Ohio University, Mainz University, Mainz, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany, University of Washington, Noncommercial Partnership ``Scientific Instruments,'' Moscow, Russia, Lucent Technologies, North-West Technical University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Purdue University, University of Florida, Wabash College and Purdue University, University of Oregon, Garnett McKeen Lab, Inc., Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea, 305-600, Department of Physics, Lab. of Solid State Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 200008, China, Department of Physics, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, NESB, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, Korea Research Institute of Stardards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea, 305-600, Department of Chemical Engineering, Sogang University, South Korea, 121-742, Indiana University, University of Chicago, LBNL, BNL/NSLS, KEK, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, LANL, University of Maryland, NIST, HMI, Harvard University, NCSU, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska, University of Southern California, University of California at Los Angeles, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Institute for Advanced Physics, Konkuk University, Korea, SUNY College at Oneonta, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater WI 53190, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX, University of Texas at El Paso, University of Buenos Aires, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX 77843, Simon Bolivar University, Caracas, Venezuela, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland, Institut de Recherches Subatomiques, Strasbourg, France, Florida State University, Harvard-Smithsonian CfA, CENPA University of Washington, Pasadena City College, California State University, Northridge, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Jet Propulsion Lab, California Institute of Technology, University of California, Irvine, Instituto de F\'isica, UNAM, University of Toronto, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet Jena, Pennsylvania State University, NIH, Stanford University, CNR, Italy, University of Texas, Austin, University of Nevada, Reno, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Hanseo University, Division of Materials Science and Technology, KIST, Seoul, 130-791, Korea, Department of Physics, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Korea, Department of Techno-marketing, Mokwon University, Taejeon, 301-729, Korea, Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea, UNAM, Mexico, JINR, Dubna, Univ. of Notre-Dame, ANL, SUNY at Stony Brook, Lund U., ORNL, Washington U., Warsaw, Poland, Saclay, France, Boston University, National Institute for Standards and Technology, Boulder, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Yale University, Florida International University, MIT, Saint Mary's University, TRI-University Meson Facility, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic, Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M Univ., Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory, Yale University, Tenn. Tech. Univ., Arizona State Univ., Ohio Univ., Tennessee Technologival Univ., ORNL Physics Division, Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, University of California, CEA, LLNL, Penn State Altoona, NC A&T State University, TUNL, NASA Langley Research Center, University of Iowa, UMD \& NASA/GSFC, NRC \& NASA/GSFC, NASA/GSFC, Academy at UAH, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Union College, University of Hamburg, Iowa State University, Drake University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Arizona, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, Tennessee Tech., Cookeville, TN, Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ, ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN, ORAU, Oak Ridge, TN, Collegium of Natural Sciences, Eckerd College, RIKEN (Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Department of Physics and Astronomy and National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Tokyo Inst. of Tech., Rikkyo Univ., Univ. of Tokyo, RIKEN, NSCL, Michigan State University, Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, University of Surrey, UK, IRES CNRS Strasbourg, Planetary Science Institute, Steward Observatory, University of Oklahoma, Vatican Observatory, University of Rochester, UIUC, Washington State University, Johns Hopkins University, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare-Genova

  • Raffaella De Vita

    Kent State University, Jefferson Lab, Ohio University, Mainz University, Mainz, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany, University of Washington, Noncommercial Partnership ``Scientific Instruments,'' Moscow, Russia, Lucent Technologies, North-West Technical University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Purdue University, University of Florida, Wabash College and Purdue University, University of Oregon, Garnett McKeen Lab, Inc., Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea, 305-600, Department of Physics, Lab. of Solid State Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 200008, China, Department of Physics, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, NESB, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, Korea Research Institute of Stardards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea, 305-600, Department of Chemical Engineering, Sogang University, South Korea, 121-742, Indiana University, University of Chicago, LBNL, BNL/NSLS, KEK, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, LANL, University of Maryland, NIST, HMI, Harvard University, NCSU, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska, University of Southern California, University of California at Los Angeles, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Institute for Advanced Physics, Konkuk University, Korea, SUNY College at Oneonta, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater WI 53190, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX, University of Texas at El Paso, University of Buenos Aires, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX 77843, Simon Bolivar University, Caracas, Venezuela, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland, Institut de Recherches Subatomiques, Strasbourg, France, Florida State University, Harvard-Smithsonian CfA, CENPA University of Washington, Pasadena City College, California State University, Northridge, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Jet Propulsion Lab, California Institute of Technology, University of California, Irvine, Instituto de F\'isica, UNAM, University of Toronto, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet Jena, Pennsylvania State University, NIH, Stanford University, CNR, Italy, University of Texas, Austin, University of Nevada, Reno, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Hanseo University, Division of Materials Science and Technology, KIST, Seoul, 130-791, Korea, Department of Physics, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Korea, Department of Techno-marketing, Mokwon University, Taejeon, 301-729, Korea, Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea, UNAM, Mexico, JINR, Dubna, Univ. of Notre-Dame, ANL, SUNY at Stony Brook, Lund U., ORNL, Washington U., Warsaw, Poland, Saclay, France, Boston University, National Institute for Standards and Technology, Boulder, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Yale University, Florida International University, MIT, Saint Mary's University, TRI-University Meson Facility, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic, Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M Univ., Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory, Yale University, Tenn. Tech. Univ., Arizona State Univ., Ohio Univ., Tennessee Technologival Univ., ORNL Physics Division, Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, University of California, CEA, LLNL, Penn State Altoona, NC A&T State University, TUNL, NASA Langley Research Center, University of Iowa, UMD \& NASA/GSFC, NRC \& NASA/GSFC, NASA/GSFC, Academy at UAH, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Union College, University of Hamburg, Iowa State University, Drake University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Arizona, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, Tennessee Tech., Cookeville, TN, Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ, ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN, ORAU, Oak Ridge, TN, Collegium of Natural Sciences, Eckerd College, RIKEN (Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Department of Physics and Astronomy and National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Tokyo Inst. of Tech., Rikkyo Univ., Univ. of Tokyo, RIKEN, NSCL, Michigan State University, Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, University of Surrey, UK, IRES CNRS Strasbourg, Planetary Science Institute, Steward Observatory, University of Oklahoma, Vatican Observatory, University of Rochester, UIUC, Washington State University, Johns Hopkins University, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare-Genova

  • Raffaella De Vita

    Kent State University, Jefferson Lab, Ohio University, Mainz University, Mainz, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany, University of Washington, Noncommercial Partnership ``Scientific Instruments,'' Moscow, Russia, Lucent Technologies, North-West Technical University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Purdue University, University of Florida, Wabash College and Purdue University, University of Oregon, Garnett McKeen Lab, Inc., Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea, 305-600, Department of Physics, Lab. of Solid State Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 200008, China, Department of Physics, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, NESB, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, Korea Research Institute of Stardards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea, 305-600, Department of Chemical Engineering, Sogang University, South Korea, 121-742, Indiana University, University of Chicago, LBNL, BNL/NSLS, KEK, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, LANL, University of Maryland, NIST, HMI, Harvard University, NCSU, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska, University of Southern California, University of California at Los Angeles, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Institute for Advanced Physics, Konkuk University, Korea, SUNY College at Oneonta, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater WI 53190, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX, University of Texas at El Paso, University of Buenos Aires, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX 77843, Simon Bolivar University, Caracas, Venezuela, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland, Institut de Recherches Subatomiques, Strasbourg, France, Florida State University, Harvard-Smithsonian CfA, CENPA University of Washington, Pasadena City College, California State University, Northridge, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Jet Propulsion Lab, California Institute of Technology, University of California, Irvine, Instituto de F\'isica, UNAM, University of Toronto, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet Jena, Pennsylvania State University, NIH, Stanford University, CNR, Italy, University of Texas, Austin, University of Nevada, Reno, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Hanseo University, Division of Materials Science and Technology, KIST, Seoul, 130-791, Korea, Department of Physics, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Korea, Department of Techno-marketing, Mokwon University, Taejeon, 301-729, Korea, Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea, UNAM, Mexico, JINR, Dubna, Univ. of Notre-Dame, ANL, SUNY at Stony Brook, Lund U., ORNL, Washington U., Warsaw, Poland, Saclay, France, Boston University, National Institute for Standards and Technology, Boulder, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Yale University, Florida International University, MIT, Saint Mary's University, TRI-University Meson Facility, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic, Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M Univ., Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory, Yale University, Tenn. Tech. Univ., Arizona State Univ., Ohio Univ., Tennessee Technologival Univ., ORNL Physics Division, Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, University of California, CEA, LLNL, Penn State Altoona, NC A&T State University, TUNL, NASA Langley Research Center, University of Iowa, UMD \& NASA/GSFC, NRC \& NASA/GSFC, NASA/GSFC, Academy at UAH, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Union College, University of Hamburg, Iowa State University, Drake University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Arizona, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, Tennessee Tech., Cookeville, TN, Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ, ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN, ORAU, Oak Ridge, TN, Collegium of Natural Sciences, Eckerd College, RIKEN (Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Department of Physics and Astronomy and National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Tokyo Inst. of Tech., Rikkyo Univ., Univ. of Tokyo, RIKEN, NSCL, Michigan State University, Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, University of Surrey, UK, IRES CNRS Strasbourg, Planetary Science Institute, Steward Observatory, University of Oklahoma, Vatican Observatory, University of Rochester, UIUC, Washington State University, Johns Hopkins University, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare-Genova

  • Raffaella De Vita

    Kent State University, Jefferson Lab, Ohio University, Mainz University, Mainz, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany, University of Washington, Noncommercial Partnership ``Scientific Instruments,'' Moscow, Russia, Lucent Technologies, North-West Technical University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Purdue University, University of Florida, Wabash College and Purdue University, University of Oregon, Garnett McKeen Lab, Inc., Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea, 305-600, Department of Physics, Lab. of Solid State Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 200008, China, Department of Physics, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, NESB, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, Korea Research Institute of Stardards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea, 305-600, Department of Chemical Engineering, Sogang University, South Korea, 121-742, Indiana University, University of Chicago, LBNL, BNL/NSLS, KEK, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, LANL, University of Maryland, NIST, HMI, Harvard University, NCSU, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska, University of Southern California, University of California at Los Angeles, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Institute for Advanced Physics, Konkuk University, Korea, SUNY College at Oneonta, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater WI 53190, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX, University of Texas at El Paso, University of Buenos Aires, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX 77843, Simon Bolivar University, Caracas, Venezuela, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland, Institut de Recherches Subatomiques, Strasbourg, France, Florida State University, Harvard-Smithsonian CfA, CENPA University of Washington, Pasadena City College, California State University, Northridge, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Jet Propulsion Lab, California Institute of Technology, University of California, Irvine, Instituto de F\'isica, UNAM, University of Toronto, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet Jena, Pennsylvania State University, NIH, Stanford University, CNR, Italy, University of Texas, Austin, University of Nevada, Reno, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Hanseo University, Division of Materials Science and Technology, KIST, Seoul, 130-791, Korea, Department of Physics, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Korea, Department of Techno-marketing, Mokwon University, Taejeon, 301-729, Korea, Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea, UNAM, Mexico, JINR, Dubna, Univ. of Notre-Dame, ANL, SUNY at Stony Brook, Lund U., ORNL, Washington U., Warsaw, Poland, Saclay, France, Boston University, National Institute for Standards and Technology, Boulder, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Yale University, Florida International University, MIT, Saint Mary's University, TRI-University Meson Facility, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic, Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M Univ., Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory, Yale University, Tenn. Tech. Univ., Arizona State Univ., Ohio Univ., Tennessee Technologival Univ., ORNL Physics Division, Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, University of California, CEA, LLNL, Penn State Altoona, NC A&T State University, TUNL, NASA Langley Research Center, University of Iowa, UMD \& NASA/GSFC, NRC \& NASA/GSFC, NASA/GSFC, Academy at UAH, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Union College, University of Hamburg, Iowa State University, Drake University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Arizona, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, Tennessee Tech., Cookeville, TN, Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ, ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN, ORAU, Oak Ridge, TN, Collegium of Natural Sciences, Eckerd College, RIKEN (Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Department of Physics and Astronomy and National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Tokyo Inst. of Tech., Rikkyo Univ., Univ. of Tokyo, RIKEN, NSCL, Michigan State University, Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, University of Surrey, UK, IRES CNRS Strasbourg, Planetary Science Institute, Steward Observatory, University of Oklahoma, Vatican Observatory, University of Rochester, UIUC, Washington State University, Johns Hopkins University, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare-Genova

  • Raffaella De Vita

    Kent State University, Jefferson Lab, Ohio University, Mainz University, Mainz, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany, University of Washington, Noncommercial Partnership ``Scientific Instruments,'' Moscow, Russia, Lucent Technologies, North-West Technical University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Purdue University, University of Florida, Wabash College and Purdue University, University of Oregon, Garnett McKeen Lab, Inc., Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea, 305-600, Department of Physics, Lab. of Solid State Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 200008, China, Department of Physics, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, NESB, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, Korea Research Institute of Stardards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea, 305-600, Department of Chemical Engineering, Sogang University, South Korea, 121-742, Indiana University, University of Chicago, LBNL, BNL/NSLS, KEK, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, LANL, University of Maryland, NIST, HMI, Harvard University, NCSU, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska, University of Southern California, University of California at Los Angeles, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Institute for Advanced Physics, Konkuk University, Korea, SUNY College at Oneonta, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater WI 53190, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX, University of Texas at El Paso, University of Buenos Aires, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX 77843, Simon Bolivar University, Caracas, Venezuela, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland, Institut de Recherches Subatomiques, Strasbourg, France, Florida State University, Harvard-Smithsonian CfA, CENPA University of Washington, Pasadena City College, California State University, Northridge, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Jet Propulsion Lab, California Institute of Technology, University of California, Irvine, Instituto de F\'isica, UNAM, University of Toronto, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet Jena, Pennsylvania State University, NIH, Stanford University, CNR, Italy, University of Texas, Austin, University of Nevada, Reno, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Hanseo University, Division of Materials Science and Technology, KIST, Seoul, 130-791, Korea, Department of Physics, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Korea, Department of Techno-marketing, Mokwon University, Taejeon, 301-729, Korea, Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea, UNAM, Mexico, JINR, Dubna, Univ. of Notre-Dame, ANL, SUNY at Stony Brook, Lund U., ORNL, Washington U., Warsaw, Poland, Saclay, France, Boston University, National Institute for Standards and Technology, Boulder, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Yale University, Florida International University, MIT, Saint Mary's University, TRI-University Meson Facility, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic, Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M Univ., Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory, Yale University, Tenn. Tech. Univ., Arizona State Univ., Ohio Univ., Tennessee Technologival Univ., ORNL Physics Division, Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, University of California, CEA, LLNL, Penn State Altoona, NC A&T State University, TUNL, NASA Langley Research Center, University of Iowa, UMD \& NASA/GSFC, NRC \& NASA/GSFC, NASA/GSFC, Academy at UAH, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Union College, University of Hamburg, Iowa State University, Drake University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Arizona, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, Tennessee Tech., Cookeville, TN, Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ, ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN, ORAU, Oak Ridge, TN, Collegium of Natural Sciences, Eckerd College, RIKEN (Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Department of Physics and Astronomy and National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Tokyo Inst. of Tech., Rikkyo Univ., Univ. of Tokyo, RIKEN, NSCL, Michigan State University, Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, University of Surrey, UK, IRES CNRS Strasbourg, Planetary Science Institute, Steward Observatory, University of Oklahoma, Vatican Observatory, University of Rochester, UIUC, Washington State University, Johns Hopkins University, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare-Genova

  • Raffaella De Vita

    Kent State University, Jefferson Lab, Ohio University, Mainz University, Mainz, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany, University of Washington, Noncommercial Partnership ``Scientific Instruments,'' Moscow, Russia, Lucent Technologies, North-West Technical University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Purdue University, University of Florida, Wabash College and Purdue University, University of Oregon, Garnett McKeen Lab, Inc., Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea, 305-600, Department of Physics, Lab. of Solid State Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 200008, China, Department of Physics, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, NESB, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, Korea Research Institute of Stardards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea, 305-600, Department of Chemical Engineering, Sogang University, South Korea, 121-742, Indiana University, University of Chicago, LBNL, BNL/NSLS, KEK, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, LANL, University of Maryland, NIST, HMI, Harvard University, NCSU, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska, University of Southern California, University of California at Los Angeles, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Institute for Advanced Physics, Konkuk University, Korea, SUNY College at Oneonta, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater WI 53190, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX, University of Texas at El Paso, University of Buenos Aires, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX 77843, Simon Bolivar University, Caracas, Venezuela, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland, Institut de Recherches Subatomiques, Strasbourg, France, Florida State University, Harvard-Smithsonian CfA, CENPA University of Washington, Pasadena City College, California State University, Northridge, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Jet Propulsion Lab, California Institute of Technology, University of California, Irvine, Instituto de F\'isica, UNAM, University of Toronto, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet Jena, Pennsylvania State University, NIH, Stanford University, CNR, Italy, University of Texas, Austin, University of Nevada, Reno, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Hanseo University, Division of Materials Science and Technology, KIST, Seoul, 130-791, Korea, Department of Physics, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Korea, Department of Techno-marketing, Mokwon University, Taejeon, 301-729, Korea, Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea, UNAM, Mexico, JINR, Dubna, Univ. of Notre-Dame, ANL, SUNY at Stony Brook, Lund U., ORNL, Washington U., Warsaw, Poland, Saclay, France, Boston University, National Institute for Standards and Technology, Boulder, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Yale University, Florida International University, MIT, Saint Mary's University, TRI-University Meson Facility, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic, Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M Univ., Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory, Yale University, Tenn. Tech. Univ., Arizona State Univ., Ohio Univ., Tennessee Technologival Univ., ORNL Physics Division, Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, University of California, CEA, LLNL, Penn State Altoona, NC A&T State University, TUNL, NASA Langley Research Center, University of Iowa, UMD \& NASA/GSFC, NRC \& NASA/GSFC, NASA/GSFC, Academy at UAH, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Union College, University of Hamburg, Iowa State University, Drake University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Arizona, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, Tennessee Tech., Cookeville, TN, Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ, ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN, ORAU, Oak Ridge, TN, Collegium of Natural Sciences, Eckerd College, RIKEN (Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Department of Physics and Astronomy and National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Tokyo Inst. of Tech., Rikkyo Univ., Univ. of Tokyo, RIKEN, NSCL, Michigan State University, Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, University of Surrey, UK, IRES CNRS Strasbourg, Planetary Science Institute, Steward Observatory, University of Oklahoma, Vatican Observatory, University of Rochester, UIUC, Washington State University, Johns Hopkins University, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare-Genova

  • Raffaella De Vita

    Kent State University, Jefferson Lab, Ohio University, Mainz University, Mainz, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany, University of Washington, Noncommercial Partnership ``Scientific Instruments,'' Moscow, Russia, Lucent Technologies, North-West Technical University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Purdue University, University of Florida, Wabash College and Purdue University, University of Oregon, Garnett McKeen Lab, Inc., Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea, 305-600, Department of Physics, Lab. of Solid State Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 200008, China, Department of Physics, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, NESB, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, Korea Research Institute of Stardards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea, 305-600, Department of Chemical Engineering, Sogang University, South Korea, 121-742, Indiana University, University of Chicago, LBNL, BNL/NSLS, KEK, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, LANL, University of Maryland, NIST, HMI, Harvard University, NCSU, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska, University of Southern California, University of California at Los Angeles, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Institute for Advanced Physics, Konkuk University, Korea, SUNY College at Oneonta, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater WI 53190, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX, University of Texas at El Paso, University of Buenos Aires, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX 77843, Simon Bolivar University, Caracas, Venezuela, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland, Institut de Recherches Subatomiques, Strasbourg, France, Florida State University, Harvard-Smithsonian CfA, CENPA University of Washington, Pasadena City College, California State University, Northridge, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Jet Propulsion Lab, California Institute of Technology, University of California, Irvine, Instituto de F\'isica, UNAM, University of Toronto, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet Jena, Pennsylvania State University, NIH, Stanford University, CNR, Italy, University of Texas, Austin, University of Nevada, Reno, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Hanseo University, Division of Materials Science and Technology, KIST, Seoul, 130-791, Korea, Department of Physics, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Korea, Department of Techno-marketing, Mokwon University, Taejeon, 301-729, Korea, Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea, UNAM, Mexico, JINR, Dubna, Univ. of Notre-Dame, ANL, SUNY at Stony Brook, Lund U., ORNL, Washington U., Warsaw, Poland, Saclay, France, Boston University, National Institute for Standards and Technology, Boulder, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Yale University, Florida International University, MIT, Saint Mary's University, TRI-University Meson Facility, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic, Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M Univ., Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory, Yale University, Tenn. Tech. Univ., Arizona State Univ., Ohio Univ., Tennessee Technologival Univ., ORNL Physics Division, Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, University of California, CEA, LLNL, Penn State Altoona, NC A&T State University, TUNL, NASA Langley Research Center, University of Iowa, UMD \& NASA/GSFC, NRC \& NASA/GSFC, NASA/GSFC, Academy at UAH, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Union College, University of Hamburg, Iowa State University, Drake University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Arizona, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, Tennessee Tech., Cookeville, TN, Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ, ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN, ORAU, Oak Ridge, TN, Collegium of Natural Sciences, Eckerd College, RIKEN (Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Department of Physics and Astronomy and National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Tokyo Inst. of Tech., Rikkyo Univ., Univ. of Tokyo, RIKEN, NSCL, Michigan State University, Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, University of Surrey, UK, IRES CNRS Strasbourg, Planetary Science Institute, Steward Observatory, University of Oklahoma, Vatican Observatory, University of Rochester, UIUC, Washington State University, Johns Hopkins University, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare-Genova

  • Raffaella De Vita

    Kent State University, Jefferson Lab, Ohio University, Mainz University, Mainz, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany, University of Washington, Noncommercial Partnership ``Scientific Instruments,'' Moscow, Russia, Lucent Technologies, North-West Technical University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Purdue University, University of Florida, Wabash College and Purdue University, University of Oregon, Garnett McKeen Lab, Inc., Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea, 305-600, Department of Physics, Lab. of Solid State Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 200008, China, Department of Physics, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, NESB, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, Korea Research Institute of Stardards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea, 305-600, Department of Chemical Engineering, Sogang University, South Korea, 121-742, Indiana University, University of Chicago, LBNL, BNL/NSLS, KEK, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, LANL, University of Maryland, NIST, HMI, Harvard University, NCSU, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska, University of Southern California, University of California at Los Angeles, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Institute for Advanced Physics, Konkuk University, Korea, SUNY College at Oneonta, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater WI 53190, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX, University of Texas at El Paso, University of Buenos Aires, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX 77843, Simon Bolivar University, Caracas, Venezuela, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland, Institut de Recherches Subatomiques, Strasbourg, France, Florida State University, Harvard-Smithsonian CfA, CENPA University of Washington, Pasadena City College, California State University, Northridge, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Jet Propulsion Lab, California Institute of Technology, University of California, Irvine, Instituto de F\'isica, UNAM, University of Toronto, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet Jena, Pennsylvania State University, NIH, Stanford University, CNR, Italy, University of Texas, Austin, University of Nevada, Reno, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Hanseo University, Division of Materials Science and Technology, KIST, Seoul, 130-791, Korea, Department of Physics, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Korea, Department of Techno-marketing, Mokwon University, Taejeon, 301-729, Korea, Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea, UNAM, Mexico, JINR, Dubna, Univ. of Notre-Dame, ANL, SUNY at Stony Brook, Lund U., ORNL, Washington U., Warsaw, Poland, Saclay, France, Boston University, National Institute for Standards and Technology, Boulder, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Yale University, Florida International University, MIT, Saint Mary's University, TRI-University Meson Facility, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic, Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M Univ., Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory, Yale University, Tenn. Tech. Univ., Arizona State Univ., Ohio Univ., Tennessee Technologival Univ., ORNL Physics Division, Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, University of California, CEA, LLNL, Penn State Altoona, NC A&T State University, TUNL, NASA Langley Research Center, University of Iowa, UMD \& NASA/GSFC, NRC \& NASA/GSFC, NASA/GSFC, Academy at UAH, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Union College, University of Hamburg, Iowa State University, Drake University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Arizona, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, Tennessee Tech., Cookeville, TN, Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ, ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN, ORAU, Oak Ridge, TN, Collegium of Natural Sciences, Eckerd College, RIKEN (Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Department of Physics and Astronomy and National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Tokyo Inst. of Tech., Rikkyo Univ., Univ. of Tokyo, RIKEN, NSCL, Michigan State University, Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, University of Surrey, UK, IRES CNRS Strasbourg, Planetary Science Institute, Steward Observatory, University of Oklahoma, Vatican Observatory, University of Rochester, UIUC, Washington State University, Johns Hopkins University, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare-Genova

  • Raffaella De Vita

    Kent State University, Jefferson Lab, Ohio University, Mainz University, Mainz, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany, University of Washington, Noncommercial Partnership ``Scientific Instruments,'' Moscow, Russia, Lucent Technologies, North-West Technical University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Purdue University, University of Florida, Wabash College and Purdue University, University of Oregon, Garnett McKeen Lab, Inc., Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea, 305-600, Department of Physics, Lab. of Solid State Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 200008, China, Department of Physics, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, NESB, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, Korea Research Institute of Stardards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea, 305-600, Department of Chemical Engineering, Sogang University, South Korea, 121-742, Indiana University, University of Chicago, LBNL, BNL/NSLS, KEK, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, LANL, University of Maryland, NIST, HMI, Harvard University, NCSU, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska, University of Southern California, University of California at Los Angeles, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Institute for Advanced Physics, Konkuk University, Korea, SUNY College at Oneonta, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater WI 53190, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX, University of Texas at El Paso, University of Buenos Aires, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX 77843, Simon Bolivar University, Caracas, Venezuela, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland, Institut de Recherches Subatomiques, Strasbourg, France, Florida State University, Harvard-Smithsonian CfA, CENPA University of Washington, Pasadena City College, California State University, Northridge, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Jet Propulsion Lab, California Institute of Technology, University of California, Irvine, Instituto de F\'isica, UNAM, University of Toronto, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet Jena, Pennsylvania State University, NIH, Stanford University, CNR, Italy, University of Texas, Austin, University of Nevada, Reno, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Hanseo University, Division of Materials Science and Technology, KIST, Seoul, 130-791, Korea, Department of Physics, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Korea, Department of Techno-marketing, Mokwon University, Taejeon, 301-729, Korea, Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea, UNAM, Mexico, JINR, Dubna, Univ. of Notre-Dame, ANL, SUNY at Stony Brook, Lund U., ORNL, Washington U., Warsaw, Poland, Saclay, France, Boston University, National Institute for Standards and Technology, Boulder, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Yale University, Florida International University, MIT, Saint Mary's University, TRI-University Meson Facility, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic, Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M Univ., Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory, Yale University, Tenn. Tech. Univ., Arizona State Univ., Ohio Univ., Tennessee Technologival Univ., ORNL Physics Division, Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, University of California, CEA, LLNL, Penn State Altoona, NC A&T State University, TUNL, NASA Langley Research Center, University of Iowa, UMD \& NASA/GSFC, NRC \& NASA/GSFC, NASA/GSFC, Academy at UAH, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Union College, University of Hamburg, Iowa State University, Drake University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Arizona, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, Tennessee Tech., Cookeville, TN, Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ, ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN, ORAU, Oak Ridge, TN, Collegium of Natural Sciences, Eckerd College, RIKEN (Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Department of Physics and Astronomy and National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Tokyo Inst. of Tech., Rikkyo Univ., Univ. of Tokyo, RIKEN, NSCL, Michigan State University, Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, University of Surrey, UK, IRES CNRS Strasbourg, Planetary Science Institute, Steward Observatory, University of Oklahoma, Vatican Observatory, University of Rochester, UIUC, Washington State University, Johns Hopkins University, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare-Genova

  • Raffaella De Vita

    Kent State University, Jefferson Lab, Ohio University, Mainz University, Mainz, Germany, Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany, University of Washington, Noncommercial Partnership ``Scientific Instruments,'' Moscow, Russia, Lucent Technologies, North-West Technical University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Purdue University, University of Florida, Wabash College and Purdue University, University of Oregon, Garnett McKeen Lab, Inc., Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea, 305-600, Department of Physics, Lab. of Solid State Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 200008, China, Department of Physics, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, NESB, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, Korea Research Institute of Stardards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea, 305-600, Department of Chemical Engineering, Sogang University, South Korea, 121-742, Indiana University, University of Chicago, LBNL, BNL/NSLS, KEK, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, LANL, University of Maryland, NIST, HMI, Harvard University, NCSU, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska, University of Southern California, University of California at Los Angeles, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Institute for Advanced Physics, Konkuk University, Korea, SUNY College at Oneonta, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater WI 53190, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX, University of Texas at El Paso, University of Buenos Aires, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M University, College Station, TX 77843, Simon Bolivar University, Caracas, Venezuela, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland, Institut de Recherches Subatomiques, Strasbourg, France, Florida State University, Harvard-Smithsonian CfA, CENPA University of Washington, Pasadena City College, California State University, Northridge, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Jet Propulsion Lab, California Institute of Technology, University of California, Irvine, Instituto de F\'isica, UNAM, University of Toronto, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet Jena, Pennsylvania State University, NIH, Stanford University, CNR, Italy, University of Texas, Austin, University of Nevada, Reno, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Hanseo University, Division of Materials Science and Technology, KIST, Seoul, 130-791, Korea, Department of Physics, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Korea, Department of Techno-marketing, Mokwon University, Taejeon, 301-729, Korea, Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea, UNAM, Mexico, JINR, Dubna, Univ. of Notre-Dame, ANL, SUNY at Stony Brook, Lund U., ORNL, Washington U., Warsaw, Poland, Saclay, France, Boston University, National Institute for Standards and Technology, Boulder, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Yale University, Florida International University, MIT, Saint Mary's University, TRI-University Meson Facility, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic, Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania, Cyclotron Institute, Texas A\&M Univ., Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory, Yale University, Tenn. Tech. Univ., Arizona State Univ., Ohio Univ., Tennessee Technologival Univ., ORNL Physics Division, Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, University of California, CEA, LLNL, Penn State Altoona, NC A&T State University, TUNL, NASA Langley Research Center, University of Iowa, UMD \& NASA/GSFC, NRC \& NASA/GSFC, NASA/GSFC, Academy at UAH, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Union College, University of Hamburg, Iowa State University, Drake University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Arizona, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, Tennessee Tech., Cookeville, TN, Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ, ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN, ORAU, Oak Ridge, TN, Collegium of Natural Sciences, Eckerd College, RIKEN (Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Department of Physics and Astronomy and National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, Tokyo Inst. of Tech., Rikkyo Univ., Univ. of Tokyo, RIKEN, NSCL, Michigan State University, Dept. of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, University of Surrey, UK, IRES CNRS Strasbourg, Planetary Science Institute, Steward Observatory, University of Oklahoma, Vatican Observatory, University of Rochester, UIUC, Washington State University, Johns Hopkins University, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare-Genova