Exploring Fluid Dynamics: A Large-Scale Student-Driven Investigation of Torricelli’s Theorem

This investigation upscales a classic Torricelli Theorem investigation into a collaborative class activity; facilitating an understanding of fluid dynamics, reviewing kinematics/ energy concepts and enhancing student engagement. Using a 1.8 m (6 foot) high, 150 cm (6 inch) diameter PVC pipe with tapered openings at 30 cm vertical intervals; students take measurements and calculate flow velocities from varying heights using the concepts of projectile motion. After maintaining constant water elevation for flow measurements at different heights, students then assess the relationship of falling water elevation to flow velocity; something that can be done with a larger apparatus. A large-scale apparatus facilitates student development of theoretical predictions, collaborative experimental design with peer teams responsible for different portions of the investigation, data presentation, error analysis, consideration of experimental limitations, as well as practical applications. The laboratory materials are comparatively inexpensive and doing a laboratory on this scale leads to greater experimental precision. Also included in the presentation are general principles for developing quality laboratory investigations, including the use of Artificial Intelligence on the more formal laboratory investigations. Students doing this fluid dynamics investigation will have just concluded a more formal fluid statics investigation of the nitrogen/helium mix in party balloon tanks