Beamforming of crackle-related events in supersonic jet noise

Crackle is an annoying component of supersonic jet noise. In the far field, crackle is related to the presence of acoustic shocks that develop due to nonlinear propagation, however, the intermittent source events that drive crackle generation are not well understood. This study investigates the apparent source locations of events related to crackle, which could include high-amplitude or steepened, shock-like waveforms. The measured data were obtained through ground-array measurements near a high-performance military aircraft, which was run at different engine powers. The apparent source regions corresponding to different event triggers, such as pressure amplitude, derivative amplitude, and spectral characteristics, are compared. The crackle-related event beamforming is also compared against trends of other jet noise metrics such as overall sound pressure level and derivative skewness.